Ttp phosphorylation as a biomarker in targeted therapy

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds. The present invention further relates to a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for personalized medicine. The present invention also relates to a method of treatment of cancer in a patient. The present invention also relates to a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for use in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient.

The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled “SeqList-10Dec19-ST25.txt”, which was created on Dec. 10, 2019 and is 4 KB. The entire content is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds. The present invention further relates to a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for personalized medicine. The present invention also relates to a method of treatment of cancer in a patient. The present invention also relates to a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for use in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A key RNA-binding protein that promotes AU-rich mRNA deadenylation and decay is the zinc finger protein, tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36). Many human tumors are found to be associated with deficiency of TTP, which is linked to hallmarks of cancer. The aberrant expression or activity of TTP/ZFP36 could be attributed to changes at different levels of regulation, including transcriptional (e.g. epigenetic), post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation.

Phosphorylation of TTP/ZFP36 by various protein kinases is one of the posttranslational modifications that profoundly affect its cellular localization and activity [1], [2], [3]. For example, the p38/MK2 is a pathway that leads to TTP phosphorylation preventing its ability to recruit mRNA decay machinery and subsequently leading to over-production of ARE-mRNA products.

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events are mediated through the action of protein kinases. Protein phosphorylation by kinases is a post-translational mechanism that affects numerous cellular responses to stimuli and influences downstream transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Human cells contain hundreds of kinases, many of which can be aberrantly active in cancer cells. Kinase activity can cause abnormal regulation of gene expression at different levels.

Phosphorylation of proteins by different protein kinases is a mechanism of post-translational modification that highly affects the cellular localization and activity of the proteins. Protein phosphorylation results in alteration of protein structure and conformation, and modifies its activity and function. The commonly phosphorylated amino acids in eukaryotes are serine, threonine, and tyrosine. The phosphorylation is mediated through the action of a protein kinase (PK), and can be reverse through the action of a phosphatase. Nearly 2% of the human genome encode for PKs, representing about 538 genes which are subdivided into typical, or conventional, and atypical protein kinases, according to the kinase database (http://kinase.com/kinbase/). The majority of typical PKs phosphorylates serine/threonine (STPKs) and only a minority of PKs phosphorylates tyrosine, and atypical PKs are mostly STPKs. To date, FDA has approved 37 small molecule kinase inhibitors and many others are in phase-2/3 clinical trials. Most of the approved kinase drugs are intended for treatment of cancers, and only few of them have been approved for treatment of non-cancerous conditions, such as sirolimus for organ rejection.

Previous reports indicate that phosphorylation events during inflammation lead to stabilization of TTP/ZFP36 and that de-phosphorylated TTP is unstable and less abundant in cells [1],[2]. Unlike the active unphosphorylated TTP/ZFP36, MK2-phosphorylated TTP is of increased abundance due to protein stabilization, and is less active.

It has been shown that TTP/ZFP36 has multiple phosphorylation sites, and thus can be affected by several signaling pathways and many kinases [4]. For example, major MK2 sites for TTP/ZFP36 phosphorylation are mouse/human serine 52/60 and 178/186. However, there are many other potential amino acid sites for phosphorylation and for a variety of kinase targets.

Due to high occurrence of side effects associated with various drugs, it is important to assess, prior to an administration of a drug, whether a treatment with a certain drug is likely to be successful. Personalized medicine allows for customizing the specific treatment to a patient's needs, i.e. the patient's genetic and phenotypical features, and thus allows for targeted therapy of a patient. There is an urgent need for suitable biomarkers for assessing whether a patient is likely to respond to a drug. For example, there is the urgent need for biomarkers that are capable of indicating whether a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds effectively evokes a therapeutic effect. The present invention thus aims at providing a universal biomarker for determining whether a patient is likely to respond to a treatment, and for selecting an appropriate drug for a patient. The present invention further aims at providing a method of treatment of cancer, and a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for use in a method of treatment of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the following, the elements of the invention will be described. These elements are listed with specific embodiments, however, it should be understood that they may be combined in any manner and in any number to create additional embodiments. The variously described examples and preferred embodiments should not be construed to limit the present invention to only the explicitly described embodiments. This description should be understood to support and encompass embodiments which combine two or more of the explicitly described embodiments or which combine the one or more of the explicitly described embodiments with any number of the disclosed and/or preferred elements. Furthermore, any permutations and combinations of all described elements in this application should be considered disclosed by the description of the present application unless the context indicates otherwise.

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

-   -   i) providing a tumor sample of a patient, wherein said tumor         sample comprises cancerous tissue and/or cancerous cells,     -   ii) determining a level of phosphorylated tristetraprolin (TTP)         in said tumor sample, and     -   iii) comparing the level of phosphorylated TTP determined in         step ii) to a control, wherein said control is preferably a         reference value and/or a reference sample,         wherein an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in said tumor         sample compared to said control indicates that said patient is         likely to respond to a treatment using a targeted therapy         compound.

In one embodiment, said method further comprises

-   -   providing a tumor sample of said patient, and treating said         tumor sample with one or more targeted therapy compound(s),     -   determining a level of phosphorylated TP in said treated tumor         sample, and,     -   comparing the level of phosphorylated TP determined in said         treated tumor sample to the level of phosphorylated TTP         determined in step ii),     -   wherein a decreased level of phosphorylated TTP in said treated         tumor sample compared to the level of phosphorylated TTP         determined in step ii) indicates that said patient is likely to         respond to a treatment with said one or more targeted therapy         compound(s).

In one embodiment, said determining of a level of phosphorylated TTP is performed using an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof targeting phosphorylated TTP and/or TP.

In one embodiment, said step ii) further comprises determining a cancer-related genetic variation in said tumor sample, such as a KRAS mutation and/or an EGFR amplification.

In a further aspect, the present invention further relates to a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for personalized medicine, preferably precision cancer therapy of a cancer patient, comprising, in any order, the following steps:

-   -   a. obtaining a tumor sample from a patient,     -   b. optionally, determining a level of phosphorylated TTP in said         tumor sample,     -   c. providing one or more targeted therapy compound(s) to be         tested,     -   d. treating said tumor sample with said one or more targeted         therapy compound(s),     -   e. determining whether said one or more targeted therapy         compound(s) reduce(s) the levels of phosphorylated TTP in said         treated sample compared to a control,         wherein a reduction in the level of phosphorylated TTP indicates         that said one or more targeted therapy compound(s) is/are         effective for treating said patient.

In one embodiment, said control in step e) is a level of phosphorylated TTP determined in step b), and/or is a reference value, and/or is a level of phosphorylated TTP determined in a reference sample.

In one embodiment, said reduction is a reduction by at least 15%, preferably by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 25%.

In one embodiment, said level of phosphorylated TTP is determined using an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof targeting phosphorylated TTP.

In one embodiment, the precision cancer therapy is a pan-cancer precision cancer therapy capable of treating a cancer regardless of the tissue type or subtype or molecular sub-type of the cancer including solid tumors, hematological tumors, leukemias, lymphomas, organ-specific tumors such as breast, colon, prostate, liver, and metastatic tumors of any origin, including subtypes such as hormone positive, hormone negative, Microsatellite Instability high or low, KRAS mutant, p53 mutant cancer, and cancers with amplified genes.

In a further aspect, the present invention further relates to a method of treatment of cancer in a patient, wherein said cancer is characterized by an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in cancer cells compared to non-cancerous cells, wherein said method comprises administering an effective dose of a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds to a patient in need thereof having said cancer.

In one embodiment, said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   a. obtaining a tumor sample, and optionally a non-tumor control         sample, from the patient,     -   b. determining the level of phosphorylated TTP in said tumor         sample, and optionally in said non-tumor control sample,     -   c. administering a therapeutically effective amount of said         targeted therapy compound, if there is an increased level of         phosphorylated TTP in the tumor sample compared to a control,         which is optionally the non-tumor control sample of said         patient, as determined in step b).

In one embodiment, said targeted therapy compound is selected from BI-3406, lapitinib, AZ628, sorafenib2, TAK-6323, regorafenib4, CEP-32496, cabozantinib, and polo-like kinase inhibitors including PCM-075, volasertib, BI 2536, rigosertib (ON 01910), HMN-214, GSK461364, R03280, NMS-P937, TAK-960, cyclapolin 1, DAP-81, ZK-thiazolidinone, compound 36 (imidazopyridine derivative), LFM-A13, poloxin (thymoquinone derivative), poloxipan, purpurogallin (benzotropolone-containing compound), MLN0905, and SBE13, preferably volasertib and lapitinib.

In one embodiment, said targeted therapy compound is co-administered with a chemotherapeutic agent, and/or with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and/or with a checkpoint inhibitor including CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 targeting agents, and/or with an interferon selected from Type-I IFN, Type-II IFN and Type-III IFN, and/or with a cytokine inhibitor, and/or with a small molecule drug.

In one embodiment, the level of phosphorylated TTP is reduced by administering said targeted therapy compound.

In one embodiment, said reduction is a reduction by at least 15%, preferably by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 25%.

In one embodiment, the method of treatment of cancer in a patient comprises, prior to said administering, a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment as defined in any of the embodiments above and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine as defined in any of the embodiments above.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises monitoring a treatment response, comprising the following steps:

-   -   i) obtaining a sample from said patient of a first time point         and a second time point,     -   ii) determining a level of phosphorylated TTP in said first         sample of said first time point and in said second sample of         said second time point,     -   iii) comparing the level determined in said first sample to the         level determined in said second sample,         wherein a decrease in the level determined in the second sample         compared to the level determined in the first sample indicates         that said targeted therapy compound is effective in treating         said cancer.

In a further aspect, the present invention further relates to a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for use in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient, wherein said cancer is characterized by an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in cancer cells compared to non-cancerous cells, wherein said method comprises administering an effective dose of said targeted therapy compound to a patient in need thereof having said cancer.

In one embodiment, said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   a. obtaining a tumor sample, and optionally a non-tumor control         sample, from the patient,     -   b. determining the level of phosphorylated TP in said tumor         sample, and optionally in said non-tumor control sample,     -   c. administering a therapeutically effective amount of said         targeted therapy compound, if there is an increased level of         phosphorylated TTP in the tumor sample compared to a control,         which is optionally the non-tumor control sample of said         patient, as determined in step b).

In one embodiment, said targeted therapy compound is selected from BI-3406, lapitinib, AZ628, sorafenib2, TAK-6323, regorafenib4, CEP-32496, cabozantinib, and polo-like kinase inhibitors including PCM-075, volasertib, BI 2536, rigosertib (ON 01910), HMN-214, GSK461364, R03280, NMS-P937, TAK-960, cyclapolin 1, DAP-81, ZK-thiazolidinone, compound 36 (imidazopyridine derivative), LFM-A13, poloxin (thymoquinone derivative), poloxipan, purpurogallin (benzotropolone-containing compound), MLN0905, and SBE13, preferably volasertib and lapitinib.

In one embodiment, said targeted therapy compound is co-administered with a chemotherapeutic agent, and/or with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and/or with a checkpoint inhibitor including CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 targeting agents, and/or with an interferon selected from Type-I IFN, Type-II IFN and Type-III IFN, and/or with a cytokine inhibitor, and/or with a small molecule drug.

In one embodiment, in said method, the level of phosphorylated TTP is reduced by administering said targeted therapy compound.

In one embodiment, said reduction is a reduction by at least 15%, preferably by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 25%.

In a further aspect, the present invention further relates to the use of phosphorylated TTP as a biomarker.

In a further aspect, the present invention further relates to the use of a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for the manufacture of a medicament for a cancer that is characterized by an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in cancer cells compared to non-cancerous cells.

In this aspect, said targeted therapy compound, said cancer, and said increased level of phosphorylated TTP are as defined above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention is now further described by reference to the following figures.

All methods mentioned in the figure descriptions below were carried out as described in detail in the examples.

FIGS. 1A-1C show phosphorylated TTP status in cancer cells.

1A) Characterization of the protein bands in WB with anti-TTP/ZFP36; lysates were treated with calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP) before separation on gels. Arrow indicates the phosphorylated form.

1B-1C) Determination of TTP/ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 phosphorylation patterns in MDA-MB-231 and HEK293 cells; the cells were transfected either with control, ZFP36-HA or ZFP36L1-HA vectors; lysates were treated with CIP. Western blotting was performed using anti-HA as indicated. WBs are representative blot from two experiments.

FIGS. 2A-2C show that kinase inhibition reduces phosphorylated TTP.

2A) Dose response for the PLK1 inhibitor (volasertib) effect on phosphorylated TTP level; WB shown is from one experiment of two.

2B-2C) Time course of volasertib (330 nM) action on phosphorylated TTP and its target, uPA; WBs are representative of at least two independent experiments.

FIGS. 3A-3C show that kinase activity increases the abundance of phosphorylated ZFP36.

3A) Ectopic expression of PLK1 in MCF10A; the cells were transfected with PLK1 vector (0.5 μg/million cells) for 24 hrs. The abundance of the phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36 was evaluated by WB (one shown from two independent experiments).

3B) Co-transfection of HEK293 with PLK1 and TTP/ZFP36; the cells were co-transfected with PLK1 (0.2 μg/well) and ZFP36 (0.3 μg/million cells), then the abundance of phosphorylated ZFP36 was assessed by WB (one shown from two independent experiments).

3C) The effect of PLK1 overexpression in MCF10A cells on the endogenous IL-8 mRNA and protein expression; cells transfected with PLK1 vector (3 μg/million cells) for 24 hrs, then the IL-8 mRNA was measured using RT-QPCR. Data (Mean t SEM of replicates) from one experiment of two.

FIGS. 4A-4B show kinase inhibition in mice and reduction in TTP phosphorylation. 4A) PLK1 inhibition and tumor size in mice; MDA-MB-231 xenografts were injected into the mammary fat pad of female nude mice; when tumors become palpable, mice were treated with either volasertib (10 mg/kg) or vehicle twice weekly. The tumor size was calculated as described in Methods. Data are Mean SEM from a nine-mouse experiment as indicated. Two-way ANOVA was performed for overall effect with Sidak's multiple comparison test (*p<0.05, ****p<0.001). 4B) The effect of volasertib on TTP/ZFP36 phosphorylation; WB of tumor tissues from each mouse as probed with anti-TTP/ZFP36 or GAPDH as the loading control.

FIG. 5 shows changes in the level of phosphorylated TTP as analyzed using Western blotting. HEK293 cells were transfected with a TTP expression plasmid and with an expression plasmid encoding one of the shown cancer genes. The shown cancer genes are examples of genes known to be amplified in cancer.

FIGS. 6A-6C shows a relation of ERBB2 and TTP phosphorylation.

-   -   6A) ERBB2 which is known to be amplified and over-expressed in         Her2 (ERBB2) positive cancer is shown to increase the         phosphorylated TTP in a HEK293 cell line that lacks ERBB2.     -   6B) The ERBB2 inhibitor, lapatinib, is shown to reduce the         levels of phosphorylated TTP in the ERBB2 overexpressing breast         cancer cell line SKBR3.     -   6C) Normal-like MCF10A breast cells have lower levels of         phosphorylated TTP than SKBR3 cells having amplified         (overexpressed) ERBB2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a novel biomarker for use in the treatment of cancer. In particular aspects, the invention relates to a targeted therapy approach and/or precision oncology tool based on the phosphorylation of the protein tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36) that plays a role in diseases such as cancer, chronic inflammatory conditions, and autoimmune diseases. TTP phosphorylation is herein shown to be a clinically useful biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. The analysis of TTP phosphorylation may be used as a cancer targeted therapy tool to select kinase inhibitors for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, particularly by monitoring whether a kinase inhibitor reduces the level of phosphorylated TTP.

Even when a drug targets a cancer subtype with a specific mutation, the therapy response varies among cancer patients, due to existence of other gene mutations and signaling aberrations. Thus, an additional “personalized” approach is needed for pinpointing a patient that will likely respond to a treatment. The present inventors herein disclose the phosphorylation of tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36) as a biomarker, i.e. as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic tool for drugs such as BI-3406. TTP is an RNA-binding protein that promotes the decay of the hundreds AU-rich mRNAs which are involved in cancer. In cancer, TTP activity is diminished due to phosphorylation resulting in prolongation of AU-rich mRNA half-life and subsequently overexpression of cancer proteins. TTP phosphorylation can occur due to multiple signaling pathways including both the MAPK/ERK pathway and the p38 MAPK pathway. Specifically, for example oncogenic RAS signaling can lead to TTP phosphorylation and thus increased abundance of mRNA and proteins encoded by cancer-related genes. The present inventors demonstrate that TTP phosphorylation is a highly useful tool for monitoring a drug response, such as a response towards a protein kinase inhibitor and/or RAS::SOS1 inhibitor.

The present inventors show that mice treated with an exemplary targeted therapy compound, namely a protein kinase inhibitor which is PLK1 inhibitor volasertib, reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, the present inventors demonstrate a surprising and remarkable decrease in the abundance of phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36, both in vivo and in vitro, by means of a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor. Accordingly, the present invention provides a biomarker, which is phosphorylated TTP, that can be used for analyzing whether a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor, is likely to be effective in the treatment of a disease such as cancer. Particularly, the present invention provides a biomarker which indicates, if levels of phosphorylated TTP are increased in a patient compared to a control, that a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor is likely to be effective in the treatment of said patient. Furthermore, said biomarker is a tool for selecting the targeted therapy compound from several targeted therapy compound which is likely to be most effective in a patient, namely by analyzing the response of a sample of a patient to multiple targeted therapy compound and choosing the targeted therapy compound which is most effective. Accordingly, using phosphorylated TTP as a biomarker allows for predicting and/or determining the effectiveness of a treatment.

Thus, determining the level of phosphorylated TTP in a sample of a patient, and optionally determining the response of said sample to a targeted therapy compound as determined by the level of phosphorylated TTP after treatment with the targeted therapy compound, allows for selecting the most successful targeted therapy compound for the particular patient, as well as the patient's cancer type, and is thus a useful tool for personalized medicine. In one embodiment, a targeted therapy compound is preferably a protein kinase inhibitor.

In one embodiment, TTP phosphorylation is used as a biomarker in an in vitro assay. In one embodiment, TTP phosphorylation is used as a biomarker in cancer cell lines for determining whether said cancer cell lines respond to a drug that is administered to said cell lines. In one embodiment, endogenous TTP phosphorylation is determined in KRAS-mutant cell lines. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an antibody-based detection test for personalized medicine, in which TTP phosphorylation is analyzed prior to and after administering a drug candidate to a patient and/or to a sample of a patient.

The term “cancer”, as used herein, refers to a disease characterized by dysregulated cell proliferation and/or growth. The term comprises benign and malignant cancerous diseases, such as tumors, and may refer to an invasive or non-invasive cancer. The term comprises all types of cancers, including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, germ cell tumors, and blastomas.

The term “sample”, as used herein, relates to a specimen. In one embodiment, a patient sample is any of a solid sample, such as a formalin-fixed and/or paraffin-embedded tissue, a fresh tissue, a frozen tissue, and/or a patient-derived xenograft, and a liquid sample, such as a blood sample, blood total cells, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, lymph fluid, saliva, body fluid, and/or tissue fluid.

In one embodiment, a “tumor sample” or “sample of a cancer patient”, as used herein, relates to a sample of cancerous tissue of a patient, wherein said sample may derive from a solid or a non-solid cancerous tissue. The tumor sample can be in the form of dissociated cells, aspirations, tissues, tissue slices, or any other form of obtaining tumors or tumor tissues or tumor cells known to the person skilled in the art. A control sample or control value is used to estimate the relative phosphorylation levels of TTP in a diseased organ or tissue compared to a healthy organ or tissue. In one embodiment, a tumor sample comprises cancerous tissue and/or cancerous cells.

The term “cancer cell”, as used herein, refers to a cell that exhibits abnormal proliferation and divides relentlessly, thereby forming a solid tumor or a non-solid tumor. In some embodiments of the present invention, cancer cell is used synonymously with “pathophysiological cell”.

The term “non-cancer cell”, “non-cancerous cell” or “normal cell”, as used herein, refers to a cell which is not affected by aberrant expression, aberrant phosphorylation, and/or abnormal proliferation, and does not derive from cancerous tissue. In some embodiments of the present invention, the terms “normal cell” and “non-cancer cell” are used synonymously with “physiological cell”.

A “control”, as used herein, relates to a reference value and/or a reference sample which preferably reflect the characteristics of a healthy subject. In one embodiment, the terms “reference sample” and “control sample” are used interchangeably. A “control sample”, as used herein, relates to a sample comprising normal cells, i.e. non-cancerous cells, for determining normal expression and/or phosphorylation levels in non-cancerous cells. Such a control sample may derive from the patient, wherein said control sample is taken from a healthy tissue, wherein said healthy tissue may derive from the same organ as the tumor sample of the cancerous disease, but a different site not affected by said cancerous disease, or may derive from a different organ not affected by said cancerous disease. A control sample may also relate to a sample of non-cancerous tissue of a healthy individual, or to a sample of a population of healthy individuals. In some embodiments, said control sample(s) may also relate to “control values” which reflect the normal expression and/or phosphorylation levels obtained from analysis of expression and/or phosphorylation in control samples, wherein said control samples derive from healthy tissue of the patient, or healthy tissue of a healthy individual, or healthy tissue of a population of healthy subjects.

The term “cancer-related genes” and “cancer-related proteins”, as used herein, refers to genes and proteins, respectively, that are associated with cancerous diseases, and/or the development of cancerous diseases, and/or metastasis. In one embodiment, aberrant expression and aberrant phosphorylation of said cancer-related genes and cancer-related proteins, respectively, promotes formation of a cancerous disease. In one embodiment, cancer-related genes refer to proto-oncogenes.

The term “AU-rich element” or “ARE”, as used herein, refers to an adenylate-uridylate-rich element in the 3′ untranslated region of a mRNA. AREs are a determinant of RNA stability, and often occur in mRNAs of proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors, and cytokines. TTP is an ARE-binding protein (ARE-BP) which binds to AREs and destabilizes the mRNA. The terms “increased TTP phosphorylation”, “increased phosphorylation”, and “increased level of phosphorylated TTP”, as used herein, refer to an elevated phosphorylation level of TTP in a sample of a patient as compared to the phosphorylation level of TTP in a control, referred to as “normal phosphorylation”. In some embodiments, phosphorylation is compared to normal phosphorylation in a control sample, which may derive from healthy tissue of the same individual, wherein said healthy tissue may derive from a different site of the same organ as the cancerous tissue, or from a healthy individual. In some embodiments, phosphorylation is compared to normal phosphorylation in a healthy subject population. An elevated phosphorylation level may also be referred to as “increased phosphorylation level”. In one embodiment, an increased phosphorylation is an at least 5% increased phosphorylation level, preferably at least 15% increased phosphorylation level in a tumor sample compared to a control. The term “decreasing phosphorylation”, as used herein, relates to decreasing elevated phosphorylation levels of TTP, to normalize said increased phosphorylation to normal phosphorylation, preferably by administering a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, said decreasing phosphorylation is a decrease by at least 15%, preferably by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 25%. Methods for determining the phosphorylation level of a protein such as TTP are known to a person skilled in the art, and include western blot, ELISA, microarrays, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and mass spectrometry.

The term “normal phosphorylation” or “normal phosphorylation levels”, as used herein, refers to phosphorylation levels in non-cancerous cells which are not affected by aberrant phosphorylation. In one embodiment, normal phosphorylation relates to phosphorylation levels of TTP in non-cancerous cells. In one embodiment, normal phosphorylation levels of TTP are assessed in a sample of the same subject from which the tumor sample is taken. In one embodiment, normal phosphorylation levels are assessed in a sample from a healthy subject. In one embodiment, normal phosphorylation levels are assessed in a population of healthy individuals.

The terms “normalizing” and “normalizing phosphorylation”, as used herein, relate to normalizing or restoring phosphorylation levels of TTP to healthy, non-cancerous, normal phosphorylation levels, which can be achieved by administering an effective dose of a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor to a patient in need thereof having abnormal phosphorylation of TTP. In one embodiment, when referring to “normalizing phosphorylation”, it is meant that the level of post-transcriptional regulation of TTP phosphorylation in a cancer cell adjusts to a level of post-transcriptional regulation of TTP that is present in a non-cancerous cell, preferably by treatment with a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, a “normalizing effect” refers to an effect, preferably an effect of a targeted therapy compound, which induces a normalization of abnormal TTP phosphorylation levels in cancer cells towards the TTP phosphorylation levels typically found in non-cancerous cells. In one embodiment, an “aberrant” TTP phosphorylation mean phosphorylation that deviate from “normal” phosphorylation in an individual not suffering from cancer, respectively.

The term “TTP” or “tristetraprolin”, as used herein, refers to a protein which binds to AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3′-untranslated regions of ARE-containing mRNAs, and promotes degradation of said mRNAs. TTP is also known as zinc finger protein 36 homolog (ZFP36). In one embodiment, interactions of TTP and target mRNAs are affected by the phosphorylation state of TTP. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36 is unable to promote ARE-mRNA decay, and thus the abundance of proteins involved in inflammation and cancer is increased and the half-life of these proteins is prolonged. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP is a biomarker for detecting whether a patient is likely to respond to a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor and/or for detecting which targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor will have the best therapeutic effect in a patient. The term “responding to a treatment”, as used herein, relates to a therapeutic effect being effectively evoked in a patient. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP is a biomarker to be used in personalized medicine.

The term “protein kinase”, as used herein, refers to an enzyme capable of phosphorylating other proteins by transferring a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate to amino acids of proteins, such as serine and threonine, and/or tyrosine. Phosphorylation of proteins may result in functional modification of said proteins by changing cellular location, activity, and/or associated with other proteins. In one embodiment, a protein kinase may relate to a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase or a tyrosine-specific protein kinase.

The term “inhibitor”, as used herein, refers to an enzyme inhibitor or receptor inhibitor which is a molecule that binds to an enzyme or receptor, and decreases and/or blocks its activity, for example a protein kinase inhibitor. The term may relate to a reversible or an irreversible inhibitor. The term “small molecule inhibitor” relates to a small molecule which inhibits a signaling pathway in a patient's body, preferably a disease-related signaling pathway, more preferably a cancer-related signaling pathway. In one embodiment, a small molecule inhibitor is BI-3406.

The term “antigen-binding fragment thereof”, as used herein, relates to a peptide that specifically binds to an antigen. In one embodiment, an antigen-binding fragment is based on an immunoglobulin, such as a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, for example a substantially intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)₂ fragment, a diabody, a single chain Fv fragment, a tetrabody, a triabody, a disulfide bond-stabilized Fv (dsFv), or a heavy chain VHH fragment from camels, or is based on a protein scaffold structure having antigen-binding capacity, such as an anticalin protein, an Affilin, an Affimer, an Affitin, an Alphabody, a nanobody, or a DARPin, preferably comprising antigen-binding determinants, such as a CDR, of an antibody. In one embodiment, an antibody and/or antigen-binding fragment targets phosphorylated TTP and/or TTP, i.e. specifically binds to phosphorylated TTP and/or TTP.

The term “protein kinase inhibitor”, as used herein, refers to an inhibitor that blocks the action of one or more protein kinases. In one embodiment, said term relates to an inhibitor that attenuates the action of one or more protein kinases. In one embodiment, said protein kinase inhibitor is a serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor, such as a B-Raf kinase inhibitor or a polo-like kinase inhibitor, or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for example a VEGFR2 inhibitor. The term “PLK-1” or “polo-like kinase 1”, as used herein, refers to a specific kinase being a member of the family of polo-like kinases. A list of examples for kinase inhibitors are given in Table 2 in Example 7. In one embodiment, a protein kinase inhibitor is preferably an inhibitor of a MAP kinase, such as an inhibitor of MK2 and/or ERK, an inhibitor of AKT, and/or an inhibitor of ERBB2, such as lapitinib. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP is used as a biomarker for determining whether a patient, preferably a breast cancer patient, is likely to respond to a treatment with an inhibitor of ERBB2 phosphorylation, preferably lapitinib. In one embodiment, a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor for personalized medicine comprises a patient of breast cancer, preferably a HER+ breast cancer, and a targeted therapy compound being lapitinib. In one embodiment, the term “compound” and/or “targeted therapy compound” preferably relates to a protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, a protein kinase inhibitor may be a small molecule and/or a monoclonal antibody-based compound.

The term “administering”, as used herein, refers to applying a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor, to a target, such as a patient and/or a sample of a patient. In one embodiment, administering relates to in vitro and/or in vivo administration. In one embodiment, administering relates to intravenous, oral, nasal, mucosal, intrabronchial, intrapulmonary, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular, intrathecal, intraocular, intraarticular, intranodal, intratumoral, or intrametastatical administration of a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor to a patient in need thereof. In one embodiment, administering may also relate to in vitro administration, namely to incubating a cell and/or tissue, e.g. a sample obtained from a patient, with a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor.

The term “co-administering”, as used herein, refers to a combined administration of a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor with at least one other substance, such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a checkpoint inhibitor, and/or IFN, to a target such as a patient and/or sample. In one embodiment, co-administration of a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor with at least one other substance allows for targeting more than one aberrant pathway.

The term “effective dose”, as used herein, refers to a dose of a drug, such as a targeted therapy compound, which is in the range between the dose sufficient to evoke a therapeutic effect and the maximum tolerated dose. In one embodiment, a method of treatment of cancer according to the present invention comprises administering an effective dose of a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor to a patient in need thereof having an increased level of phosphorylated TTP compared to a control. In one embodiment, said effective dose is in a dose range established for a different method of treatment comprising administering said targeted therapy compound, such as said protein kinase inhibitor, wherein said different method of treatment is for a disease, which is not characterized by increased TTP phosphorylation levels in pathophysiological cells compared to physiological cells. In one embodiment, said protein kinase inhibitor is volasertib or lapitinib, and said effective dose is in the range of 150 mg to 300 mg once per day to once per week. In one embodiment, the terms “effective dose” and “effective amount” are used interchangeably.

The term “treating”, as used herein, refers to applying a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor, to a target such as a patient and/or a sample of a patient. In one embodiment, said treating relates to in vivo treating of a patient, and/or to in vitro treating of a sample of a patient. In one embodiment, in vitro treating relates to treating a sample with a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor for at least 15 min, preferably 4-8 h. In one embodiment, in vitro treating relates to treating a sample with a targeted therapy compound at a concentration of from 1 nM to 10 μM.

The term “determining a level of phosphorylated TTP”, as used herein, relates assessing the level of phosphorylated TTP comprising any method capable of detecting a phosphorylation status of a protein that is known to a person skilled in the art, such as methods using reactions between an antibody (or antigen-binding fragment) and an antigen, said antigen preferably being phosphorylated TTP, for example western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, FACS, and ELISA. In one embodiment, said determining comprises detecting the total amount of phosphorylated TTP and/or detecting the fraction of phosphorylated TTP compared to total TTP. In one embodiment, an increased level of phosphorylated TTP relates to an increased total amount of phosphorylated TTP and/or to an increased phosphorylation degree of TTP, wherein an increased phosphorylation degree of TTP means that the ratio of phosphorylated TTP to unphosphorylated TTP is increased. In one embodiment, the level of phosphorylated TTP is determined using an antibody targeting phosphorylated TTP and/or is determined using an antibody targeting TTP. In one embodiment, if an antibody targeting TTP is used to determine the level of phosphorylated TTP, the molecular weight and/or size difference between a phosphorylated TTP and an unphosphorylated TTP is taken into account to determine the level of phosphorylated TTP, wherein phosphorylated TTP is larger than TTP, as observed, for example, with the bands obtained in western blotting. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP is detected by anti-phosphorylated TTP using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or any other method capable of detecting phosphorylated TTP known to a person skilled in the art. In one embodiment, determining a level of phosphorylated TTP relates to assessing the protein level of phosphorylated TTP and/or unphosphorylated TTP. In one embodiment, phosphorylated TTP is used as a biomarker, and thus the level of phosphorylated TTP is determined in a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor for personalized medicine. In one embodiment, determining a level of phosphorylated TTP comprises using phosphorylated TTP as a biomarker.

The term “patient”, as used herein, refers to a human or an animal having a cancer which is characterized by increased levels of phosphorylated TTP in cancer cells compared to normal cells. The terms “subject” and “individual”, as used herein, are used synonymously, and relate to a human or an animal.

The term “chemotherapeutic agent”, as used herein, refers to a cytotoxic agent which is of use in chemotherapy of cancer. For example, a chemotherapeutic agent may relate to an alkylating agent, such as cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, melphalan, dacarbazine, nitrosoureas, and temozolomide, or to an anthracycline, such as daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, valrubicin, or to a cytoskeletal disruptor, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, abraxane, and taxotere, or to an epothilone, or to a histone deacetylase inhibitor, such as vorinostat and romidepsin, or to an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, such as irinotecan and topotecan, or to an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, such as etoposide, teniposide, and tafluposide, or to a kinase inhibitor, such as bortezomib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, vemurafenib, and vismodegib, or to a nucleotide analogue, such as azacitidine, azathioprine, capecitabine, cytarabine, doxifluridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and tioguanine, or to a peptide antibiotics, such as bleomycin and actinomycin, or to a platinum-based agent, such as carboplatin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin, or to a retinoid, such as tretinoin, alitretinoin, and bexarotene, or to a vinca alkaloid derivative, such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, and vinorelbine. In one embodiment, in a method of treatment of cancer according to the present invention, a chemotherapeutic agent is co-administered with said targeted therapy compound such as a protein kinase inhibitor, wherein preferably, said chemotherapeutic agent is commonly used for the same type of cancer.

The term “checkpoint inhibitor”, as used herein, refers to an agent used in cancer immunotherapy. A checkpoint inhibitor blocks an inhibitory immune checkpoint and thus restores immune system function, for example, an inhibitor of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4, such as ipilimumab, or an inhibitor of PD-1, such as nivolumab or pembrolizumab, or an inhibitor of PD-L1, such as atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab. In many of the embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor relates to an antibody which targets a molecule involved in an immune checkpoint.

The term “interferon”, or “IFN”, as used herein, refers to a group of cytokines which are used for communication between cells and which trigger the immune system. Interferons comprise three classes which are Type-I interferons, Type-II interferons, and Type-III interferons. In one embodiment, said targeted therapy compound is co-administered with a Type-I, Type-II or Type-III IFN. The term “Type-I IFN”, as used herein, relates to a large subgroup of interferons comprising IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, IFN-τ, IFN-ζ, and IFN-ω. The term “Type-II IFN”, as used herein, relates to IFN-γ. The term “Type-III IFN”, as used herein, relates to IFN-λ1, 2, 3, and 4.

The terms “targeted cancer therapy” and “precision cancer therapy”, as used herein, relate to the prevention or treatment of a cancer in a patient by administering an effective amount of a therapeutic agent to said patient. Preferably, prior to administering said therapeutic agent, it is tested whether the patient is likely to respond to said therapeutic agent, which is then referred to as “personalized medicine”. Said cancer therapy is “targeted” (and thus “precise”) since, prior to said therapy, it is determined which targeted therapy compound, for example which protein kinase inhibitor, is able to reduce increased levels of phosphorylated TTP in a cancer cell and/or tumor sample of said patient, and said normalization of TTP phosphorylation is an indicator that the cancer/cancer cells of said patient will respond to said targeted therapy compound. Accordingly, a suitable targeted therapy compound, such as a suitable protein kinase inhibitor, for treating said patient can be chosen using a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for personalized medicine according to the present invention. A method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention are tools for precision oncology allowing for determining a suitable targeted therapy compound, such as a suitable protein kinase inhibitor, for treating a cancer patient.

The term “suitable targeted therapy compound”, as used herein, relates to a targeted therapy compound being suitable for using said targeted therapy compound in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient. In one embodiment, a targeted therapy compound that is “suitable” is capable of reducing increased levels of TTP phosphorylation in a tumor sample, for example in a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or in a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention. In one embodiment, a suitable targeted therapy compound is a suitable protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, using phosphorylated TTP as a biomarker, for example in a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment, allows for identifying a targeted therapy compound, e.g. a protein kinase inhibitor and/or small molecule, which is effective for treating a patient, for example by treating a patient sample with said targeted therapy compound and determining whether a therapeutic effect, e.g. a decrease in the level of phosphorylated TTP, is evoked. In one embodiment, the therapeutic effect is a decrease/reduction in the level of phosphorylated TTP.

In one embodiment, a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention are advantageous in that these methods are independent on the tumor type or tissue type, and in that the patient's specific cancer can be treated with one or more of the kinase inhibitor drugs identified with these methods, i.e. the suitable targeted therapy compounds can be identified prior to a treatment of a patient with a targeted therapy compound.

In one embodiment, a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention relate to universal single assay. The term “universal single assay”, as used herein, relates to an assay which can be ubiquitously applied in the context of various cancerous diseases that involve increased levels of phosphorylated TTP. In one embodiment, a universal single assay is not only of use for a certain cancer type, but is useful for various types of cancerous diseases, and is thus a “pan-cancer” precision oncology approach.

The term “cancer-related genetic variation”, as used herein, relates to a genetic variation in a DNA which is associated with a cancer, such as a mutation in an allele and/or gene, a gene amplification, a fusion of genes, a deletion of an allele and/or gene. In one embodiment, a cancer-related genetic variation is any of a mutation in KRAS, an amplification of EGFR, an EGFR exon 19 deletion, an EGFR exon 21 L858R alteration, an ALK fusion gene, a BRAF V600E and V600K alteration, an ERBB2 copy number alteration, a HER2 gene amplification, a KRAS/NRAS wild-type, and a NTRK1/2/3 fusion gene. In one embodiment, if a patient sample has a KRAS mutation in the DNA, and there is an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in the sample, then the patient is likely to benefit from a KRAS inhibitor. In one embodiment, if a patient sample has an EGFR amplification in the DNA, and there is an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in the sample, the patient is likely to benefit from an EGFR kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, a method of the present invention comprises determining the level of phosphorylated TTP in a patient and/or a patient's tumor sample, and determining whether said patient has a genetic variation. In one embodiment, if a patient and/or a patient's tumor sample has/have an increased level of phosphorylated TTP, and said patient has a genetic variation, such as a KRAS mutation and/or an EGFR amplification, said patient is likely to respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound, preferably a protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, if a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment is carried out without treating a tumor sample with one or more targeted therapy compound(s), said method preferably further comprises determining a cancer-related genetic variation. In one embodiment, the presence of a genetic variation, e.g. mutation, in a patient and/or a patient's sample, in addition to an increased level of phosphorylated TTP, is a strong indicator that a targeted therapy compound, preferably a protein kinase inhibitor, will be effective in treating said patient. In one embodiment, a genetic variation is a variation and/or mutation in any of the targets as specified in Table 1 in Example 6 and/or any of the targets as specified in Table 2 in Example 7. In one embodiment, the presence of a genetic variation, e.g. mutation, in a target as specified in Table 1 and/or Table 2 in a patient and/or a patient's sample, in addition to an increased level of phosphorylated TTP, indicates that a targeted therapy compound, such as the targeted therapy compound listed in Table 1 and/or Table 2 for the respective target, will be effective in treating said patient.

The term “method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment”, as used herein, relates to a method in which it is determined whether a patient will respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound, such as a protein kinase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the method of determining further comprises taking into account whether the patient's DNA has cancer-related genetic variations, such as mutations.

The term “determining a cancer-related genetic variation”, as used herein, relates to assessing whether a patient has a genetic variation that is typically associated with a risk of obtaining a cancer. In one embodiment, determining a cancer-related genetic variation relates to determining a cancer biomarker in a tumor sample of a patient other than the biomarker being phosphorylated TTP. In one embodiment, such a genetic variation determined is a KRAS mutation and/or an EGFR amplification. In one embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise determining at least two biomarkers in a tumor sample of a patient, said two biomarkers being, firstly, phosphorylated TTP, and, secondly, a biomarker other than phosphorylated TIP, e.g. a genetic variation. In one embodiment, said cancer-related genetic variation is determined using the sample in which the level of phosphorylated TTP is determined, or using a sample different from the sample in which the level of phosphorylated TTP is determined, but a sample obtained from the same patient. In one embodiment, a cancer-related genetic variation and the level of phosphorylated TTP are determined simultaneously, optionally in the same step, or subsequently. In one embodiment, a cancer-related genetic variation is determined using genotyping and/or DNA sequencing. In one embodiment, a genetic variation is a genetic variation in any of the targets listed in Table 1 and/or Table 2.

The term “monitoring a treatment response”, as used herein, relates to evaluating the therapeutic success of a treatment. The monitoring of the treatment response comprises obtaining samples from a first time point and a second time point, wherein the second time point is later in the period of treatment than the first time point, and comparing the levels of phosphorylated TTP determined for the first time point and the second time point. If the level of phosphorylated TTP decreases during the treatment period, i.e. from a first time point to a second time point, the treatment, i.e. the protein kinase inhibitor administered to a patient, is successful in treating said patient.

The term “targeted therapy compound”, as used herein, relates to a drug selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds, preferably a drug which is used for targeted therapy, i.e. personalized medicine. In one embodiment, a targeted therapy compound is a protein kinase inhibitor, a small molecule inhibitor, and/or a monoclonal antibody-based compound. The term “monoclonal antibody-based compound”, as used herein, relates to monoclonal antibodies as well as antigen-binding fragments thereof, such as Fab fragments, F(ab)₂ fragments, scFV fragments, diabodies, triabodies, scFv-Fc fragments, monobodies, and VhH fragments. In one embodiment, a targeted therapy compound is preferably a protein kinase inhibitor.

In the following, reference is made to the examples, which are given to illustrate, not to limit the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Materials and Methods Cell Lines

Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, the normal-like breast cell line MCF10A, and the HEK293 kidney cell line were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md., USA). MDA-MB-231 and HEK293 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) at 37° C. supplemented with 2 mM glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). MCF10A cells were maintained in Ham's F12-DMEM mixture (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA) and supplemented with 20 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 0.01 mg/ml bovine insulin and 500 ng/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA). All culture media were supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics (Sigma-Aldrich).

Plasmids and Transfections

PLK1 expression vector was obtained from Genecopoeia (Rockville, Md., US); vector expressing human hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ZFP36 (TTP) was described previously, and HA-tagged ZFPL36L1 (BRF1) was cloned by PCR from cDNA in a CMV-driven expression vector.

Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and mRNA Half-Life

Total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (TRI Reagent, Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were lysed directly on the culture dish by adding 1 ml of the TRI Reagent per 10 cm² surface area.

Reverse transcription for preparation of cDNA was performed using 3 μg of total RNA, 150 ng random primers, 0.1 M dithiothreitol (DTT), 10 mM deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) and 200 U of SuperScript II (Invitrogen, Foster City, Calif.). The quantitative RT-QPCR was performed in multiplex in the Chroma 4 DNA Engine cycler (BioRad, Hercules, Calif., USA) using FAM-labelled TaqMan probes (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) for IL-8 while a VIC-labelled glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) probe was used as the endogenous control. Samples were amplified in triplicate, and quantification of relative expression was performed using the estimation of quantitation cycle (Cq) method.

Western Blotting and TTP Phosphorylation

The cells were lysed in a mixture of 0.5% NP40 buffer, protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor. The calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP, Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) was used to verify the phosphorylation status of TTP/ZFP36, 20 units were added to the cell lysate (per 250 ul). The cell lysates were loaded and subjected to electrophoresis on 4-12% NuPAGE Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen, Foster City, Calif., USA). Then, the proteins were transferred from the gel to nitrocellulose membranes (Hybond ECL; Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) in the presence of NuGAGE 20× transfer buffer (Invitrogen, Foster City, Calif., USA). After blocking, membranes were incubated with primary antibodies diluted in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo.) at 4° C. overnight. For TTP/ZFP36, a custom-made affinity purified TTP polyclonal antibody and against C-terminal end of TTP and was used previously [5]. This antibody is specific to TTP/ZFP36, but not the ortholog ZFP36L1 when using 0.5% NP40 buffer instead of Laemmli buffer. Other antibodies are: anti-PLK1 (dilution 1:1000, Cell signaling, Massachusetts, USA), anti-GAPDH (dilution 1:500, Abcam, MA, USA), anti-HA, dilution 1:5000, Roche, Upper Bavaria, Germany). Thereafter, the membranes were incubated with corresponding secondary antibodies (diluted in 5% BSA, 1:2000 dilution) (Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, Calif.) for 1-3 hrs. Protein bands were detected using ECL Western blotting detection reagents (Amersham Biosciences, Amersham, UK) in Molecular Imager ChemiDoc machine (BioRad, Hercules, Calif., USA).

Animal Studies

Nude mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, Me., USA). The mice were housed at the animal facility at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC) and maintained in accordance with protocols approved by the institution Animal Care and Use Committee. One million MDA-MB-231 cells were suspended in 100 μl of PBS:Matrigel (1:1 ratio), then injected into the 4th mammary fat pad of female mice (8 weeks old) after they were anesthetized with Isoflurane. Tumors were allowed to grow for 1 week before treatment with volasertib (10 mg/kg) or DMSO alone (n=5 mice per group). Treatment was administered via intraperitoneal route twice a week for four weeks after which mice were sacrificed and tumors collected for RNA and protein analyses. Tumor growth was measured by caliper, and the volume was calculated by the formula (π/6×L×M2), where L and M refer to the large and small diameters of each tumor, respectively. Mice weight and tumor size were recorded weekly.

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as Means±standard error of the mean (SEM). Two-tailed student's t-test was used when comparing two columns of data. Two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze two groups of data, each having two data columns. The analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism.

Example 2: ZFP36 Phosphorylation in Cancer Cells

TTP is an ARE-binding and mRNA decay-promoting protein that is inhibited by phosphorylation. The present inventors analysed the effect of PLK1 pharmacological targeting on TTP phosphorylation. First, by using sensitive and specific Western blotting for both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated TTP, the present inventors observed that in the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line, TTP largely existed as a high molecular weight species. Treatment with CIP reduced its size, indicating the phosphorylation status (FIG. 1A). Ectopically over-expressed TTP became phosphorylated in MDA-MB-231 and HEK293 cells, since treatment with CIP reduces its size (FIG. 1B). While the CIP treatment of cells transfected with ZFP36L1 (BRF1), ZFP36L1 being a protein different from ZFP36 but belonging to the same family as ZFP36, did not lead to a similar effect (FIGS. 1B and C). Both proteins are tagged with HA, allowing probing of both with antibody to HA.

When detecting by Western blotting, sizes of larger than the expected size (˜40 kDa) indicate phosphorylated forms. Alternatively, Western blotting can be performed in two steps, immunoprecipitation by anti-TTP, followed by immunoblot with anti-phosphoserine. Any phosphorylated site antibody can be used since TTP has numerous potential phosphorylated sites. There are many serine and threonine conserved sites (estimated more than 30) in TTP protein that be potentially phosphorylated. Currently, there are no commercially available anti-phosphorylated TTP, but, can be developed to any phosphorylatable sites in TTP protein. This would facilitate immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence particularly on patient's issues. Examples of amino acids that are predicted to be phosphorylated in the sequence of TTP (SEQ ID NO. 1) include but are not limited to serine residues numbers 9, 12, 14, 21, 28, 29, 34, 35, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 42, 52, 58, 60, 66, 88, 90, 93, 98, 99, 102, 113, 115, 160, 169, 184, 186, 188, 192, 197, 207, 209, 113, 210, 211, 212, 216, 214, 217, 218, 228, 230, 233, 252, 260, 273, 276, 279, 286, 287, 289, 290, 294, 296, 323, and 325, threonine residues numbers 4, 26, 59, 92, 95, 97, 99, 100, 106, 111, 196, 238, 246, 257, and 271, and tyrosine residues numbers 120, 151, 158, and 284.

Example 3: Kinase Inhibitor Reducing the Phosphorylation of TTP

An exemplary kinase inhibitor, namely volasertib, was tested for the effects on the level of phosphorylation of TTP. Volasertib reduced in a dose-dependent manner the abundance of total TTP and phosphorylated TTP. The maximum dosage tested was 300 nM, and the lowest tested dose was 10 nM and was still effective (FIG. 2A). The time course showed that the effect was observed as early as 2 hrs after treatment and maximal at 8 hrs after treatment (FIG. 2B). There was no change in the mobility of ZFP36 as observed with CIP treatment, indicating a partial, rather than complete de-phosphorylation event (as with CIP). The abundance of the uPA protein was also reduced by volasertib (FIG. 2C).

Table 2 shows a list of other kinase inhibitors useful in reducing the level of phosphorylated TTP.

Example 4: Kinase Activity Increases the Abundance of Phosphorylated ZFP36

The effects of kinase activity on TTP phosphorylation in cancer were further analyzed with regard to polo like kinase 1 (PLK1). PLK1 was over-expressed in MCF10A normal-like cells, which express low PLK1 levels compared to tumor cells. PLK1 caused an increased abundance of the phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36 (FIG. 3A). Moreover, using HEK293 cell line, which has non-detectable amounts of PLK1 and TTP/ZFP36 proteins, the present inventors showed that co-expression of PLK1 and TTP/ZFP36 led to increased abundance of the phosphorylated ZFP36 protein (FIG. 3B). It was observed that PLK1 also increased in the presence of the phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36. Co-transfection with SGFP did not affect the fluorescence levels due to PLK1 indicating the increase in the ZFP36 phosphorylation is not due to changes in transfection efficiency (data not shown). PLK1 expression in MCF10A caused an increase in the abundance of IL-8 mRNA, which is TTP target (FIG. 3C) and also in secreted levels as measured by ELISA (FIG. 3D).

Example 5: The Effect of Kinase Inhibition on TTP/ZFP36 Phosphorylation in the Tumor Xenografts in Nude Mice

To study the effect of kinase inhibition on TTP phosphorylation in vivo and the subsequent effect on tumor growth, MDA-MB-231 xenografts were injected into the mammary fat pad of female nude mice. The kinase inhibitor volasertib (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered bi-weekly upon the formation of palpable tumors. While the tumors in the control group continued to grow, those in the treatment group demonstrated a slower growth rate and began to regress by the end of the experiment (FIG. 4A, upper panel). A statistically significant difference in tumor volume could be seen after 4 weeks of treatment (FIG. 4A, lower panel). These results clearly demonstrate the role of PLK1 inhibition on tumor progression of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Next, the present inventors examined the in vivo effect of volasertib on phosphorylated TTP protein abundance in the excised tumor tissues. The amounts of the phosphorylated TTP/ZFP36 levels in the mice tissues were markedly reduced due to the in vivo volasertib treatment (FIG. 4B, lanes 6-9) compared with the control (lanes, 1-5), which clearly substantiates the in vitro data.

Example 6: Exemplary Targeted Therapy Compounds and Corresponding Targets/Indications

The list in Table 1 below shows examples of targeted therapy compounds which can be tested in a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention, and/or in a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention. Furthermore, the examples of targeted therapy compounds in Table 1 are exemplary targeted therapy compounds that can be used in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient.

TABLE 1 Examples of targeted therapy compounds, their targets, and FDA-approved indications. Agent Target(s) FDA-approved indication(s) Monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab humanized monoclonal antibody with a circulatory system target (VEGF-A) cetuximab chimeric monoclonal antibody with a tumor target (EGFR) ipilimumab fully human antibody with an immune system target (CTLA-4) Small molecules bortezomib small molecule proteasome inhibitor imatinib small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor seliciclib small molecule cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor Ado-trastuzumab HER2 (ERBB2/neu) Breast cancer (HER2+) emtansine (Kadcyla) Afatinib (Gilotrif) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1), Non-small cell lung cancer (with HER2 (ERBB2/neu) EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 substitution (L858R) mutations) Aldesleukin (Proleukin) Renal cell carcinoma Melanoma Alectinib (Alecensa) ALK Non-small cell lung cancer (with ALK fusion) Alemtuzumab CD52 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Campath) Atezolizumab PD-L1 Urothelial carcinoma (Tecentriq) Non-small cell lung cancer Aveluniab (Bavencio) PD-L1 Merkel cell carcinoma Urothelial cancer Axitinib (Inlyta) KIT, PDGFRβ, Renal cell carcinoma VEGFR1/2/3 Belimumab (Benlysta) BAFF Lupus erythematosus Belinostat (Beleodaq) HDAC Peripheral T-cell lymphoma Bevacizumab (Avastin) VEGF ligand Cervical cancer Colorectal cancer Fallopian tube cancer Glioblastoma Non-small cell lung cancer Ovarian cancer Peritoneal cancer Renal cell carcinoma Blinatumomab CD19/CD3 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Blincyto) (precursor B-cell) Bortezomib (Velcade) Proteasome Multiple myeloma Mantle cell lymphoma Bosutinib (Bosulif) ABL Chronic myelogenous leukemia (Philadelphia chromosome positive) Brentuximab vedotin CD30 Hodgkin lymphoma (Adcetris) Anaplastic large cell lymphoma Brigatinib (Alunbrig) ALK Non-small cell lung cancer (ALK+) Cabozantinib FLT3, KIT, MET, RET, Medullary thyroid cancer (Cabometyx [tablet], VEGFR2 Cometriq [capsule]) Renal cell carcinoma Canakinumab (Ilaris) IL-1β Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) Proteasome Multiple myeloma Ceritinib (Zykadia) ALK Non-small cell lung cancer (with ALK fusion) Cetuximab (Erbitux) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Colorectal cancer (KRAS wild type) Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck Cobimetinib (Cotellic) MEK Melanoma (with BRAF V600E or V600K mutation) Crizotinib (Xalkori) ALK, MET, ROS1 Non-small cell lung cancer (with ALK fusion or ROS1 gene alteration) Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) BRAF Melanoma (with BRAF V600 mutation) Non-small cell lung cancer (with BRAF V600E mutation) Daratumumab CD38 Multiple myeloma (Darzalex) Dasatinib (Sprycel) ABL Chronic myelogenous leukemia (Philadelphia chromosome positive) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Philadelphia chromosome positive) Denosumab (Xgeva) RANKL Giant cell tumor of the bone Dinutuximab B4GALNT1 (GD2) Pediatric neuroblastoma (Unituxin) Durvalumab (Imfinzi) PD-L1 Urothelial carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Elotuzumab (Empliciti) SLAMF7 Multiple myeloma (CS1/CD319/CRACC) Enasidenib (Idhifa) IDH2 Acute myeloid leukemia (with IDH2 mutation) Erlotinib (Tarceva) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Non-small cell lung cancer (with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 substitution (L858R) mutations) Pancreatic cancer Everolimus (Afinitor) mTOR Pancreatic, gastrointestinal, or lung origin neuroendocrine tumor Renal cell carcinoma Nonresectable subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis Breast cancer (HR+, HER2−) Gefitinib (Iressa) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Non-small cell lung cancer (with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 substitution (L858R) mutations) Ibritumomab tiuxetan CD20 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Zevalin) Ibrutinib (Imbruvica) BTK Mantle cell lymphoma Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia Idelalisib (Zydelig) PI3Kδ Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma Small lymphocytic lymphoma Imatinib (Gleevec) KIT, PDGFR, ABL GI stromal tumor (KIT+) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Multiple hematologic malignancies including Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL and CML Ipilimumab (Yervoy) CTLA-4 Melanoma Renal cell carcinoma Ixazomib (Ninlaro) Proteasome Multiple Myeloma Lapatinib (Tykerb) HER2 (ERBB2/neu), Breast cancer (HER2+) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Lenvatinib (Lenvima) VEGFR2 Renal cell carcinoma Thyroid cancer Midostaurin (Rydapt) FLT3 acute myeloid leukemia (FLT3+) Necitumumab EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Squamous non-small cell lung (Portrazza) cancer Neratinib (Nerlynx) HER2 (ERBB2/neu) Breast cancer (HER2 overexpressed/amplified) Nilotinib (Tasigna) ABL Chronic myelogenous leukemia (Philadelphia chromosome positive) Niraparib (Zejula) PARP Ovarian cancer Fallopian tube cancer Peritoneal cancer Nivolumab (Opdivo) PD-1 Colorectal cancer (dMMR and MSI-H) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Hodgkin lymphoma Melanoma Non-small cell lung cancer Renal cell carcinoma Urothelial carcinoma Obinutuzumab CD20 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Gazyva) Follicular lymphoma Ofatumumab (Arzerra, CD20 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia HuMax-CD20) Olaparib (Lynparza) PARP Ovarian cancer (with BRCA mutation) Olaratumab (Lartruvo) PDGFRα Soft tissue sarcoma Osimertinib (Tagrisso) EGFR Non-small cell lung cancer (with EGFR T790M mutation) Palbociclib (Ibrance) CDK4, CDK6 Breast cancer (HR+, HER2−) Panitumumab EGFR (HER1/ERBB1) Colorectal cancer (KRAS wild type) (Vectibix) Panobinostat (Farydak) HDAC Multiple myeloma Pazopanib (Votrient) VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT Renal cell carcinoma Pembrolizumab PD-1 Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (Keytruda) Colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR) Gastric cancer Melanoma Non-small cell lung cancer (PD-L1+) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Urothelial cancer Solid tumors (MSI-H/dMMR) Pertuzumab (Perjeta) HER2 (ERBB2/neu) Breast cancer (HER2+) Ponatinib (Iclusig) ABL, FGFR1-3, FLT3, Chronic myelogenous leukemia VEGFR2 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Philadelphia chromosome positive) Ramucirumab VEGFR2 Colorectal cancer (Cyramza) Gastric cancer or Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Regorafenib (Stivarga) KIT, PDGFRβ, RAF, RET, Colorectal cancer VEGFR1/2/3 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Hepatocellular carcinoma Ribociclib (Kisqali) CDK4, CDK6 Breast cancer (HR+, HER2−) Rituximab (Rituxan, CD20 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Mabthera) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Rheumatoid arthritis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Rituximab/hyaluronidase human CD20 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Rituxan Hycela) Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Follicular lymphoma Romidepsin (Istodax) HDAC Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma Rucaparib (Rubraca) PARP Ovarian cancer (with BRCA mutation) Ruxolitinib (Jakafi) JAK1/2 Myelofibrosis Siltuximab (Sylvant) IL-6 Multicentric Castleman's disease Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) Prostate cancer Sonidegib (Odomzo) Smoothened Basal cell carcinoma Sorafenib (Nexavar) VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, Hepatocellular carcinoma RAF Renal cell carcinoma Thyroid carcinoma Temsirolimus (Torisel) mTOR Renal cell carcinoma Tocilizumab (Actemra) IL-6R Rheumatoid arthritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Tofacitinib (Xeljanz) JAK3 Rheumatoid arthritis Tositumomab (Bexxar) CD20 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Trametinib (Mekinist) MEK Melanoma (with BRAF V600 mutation) Non-small cell lung cancer (with BRAF V600E mutation) Trastuzumab HER2 (ERBB2/neu) Breast cancer (HER2+) (Herceptin) Gastric cancer (HER2+) Vandetanib (Caprelsa) EGFR (HER1/ERBB1), Medullary thyroid cancer RET, VEGFR2 Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) BRAF Melanoma (with BRAF V600 mutation) Venetoclax (Venclexta) BCL2 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (with 17p deletion) Vismodegib (Erivedge) PTCH, Smoothened Basal cell carcinoma Vorinostat (Zolinza) HDAC Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Ziv-aflibercept (Zaltrap) PIGF, VEGFA/B Colorectal cancer

Example 7: Exemplary Protein Kinase Inhibitors

The list in Table 2 below shows examples of protein kinase inhibitors which can be tested in a method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment according to the present invention and/or a method of identifying a targeted therapy compound for personalized medicine according to the present invention. Furthermore, the examples of protein kinase inhibitors in Table 2 are exemplary inhibitors that can be used in a method of treatment of cancer in a patient.

TABLE 2 Examples of kinase inhibitors and their targets. Kinase inhibitor Target (−)-BAY-1251152 CDK (−)-Indolactam V PKC (+)-BAY-1251152 CDK (±)-Zanubrutinib Btk (1S,3R,5R)-PIM447 (dihydrochloride) Pim (3S,4S)-Tofacitinib JAK (E)-AG 99 EGFR (E)-Necrosulfonamide Mixed Lineage Kinase [6]-Gingerol AMPK; Apoptosis 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexabromocyclohexane JAK 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid Akt; PI3K 1-Azakenpaullone GSK-3 1-Naphthyl PP1 Src 1-NM-PP1 PKD 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid Endogenous Metabolite; FGFR 2-Do8 c-RET, SUMO, TAM Receptor, IL Receptor, PI3K, VEGFR, GSK-3 2-Deoxy-D-glucose Hexokinase 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone PKC 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium c-Met/HGFR salt 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid ROS 3BDO Autophagy; mTOR 3-Bromopyruvic acid Hexokinase 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) Autophagy, PI3K 4μ8C IRE1 5-Aminosalicylic Acid NF-κB; PAK; PPAR 5-Bromoindole GSK-3 5-Iodotubercidin Adenosine Kinase 6-(Dimethylamino)purine Serine/threonin kina 6-Bromo-2-hydroxy-3- IRE1 methoxybenzaldehyde 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Trk Receptor 7-Hydroxy-4-chromone Src 7-Methoxyisoflavone AMPK 8-Bromo-cAMP sodium salt PKA A 419259 (trihydrochloride) Src A 77-01 TGF-β Receptor A 83-01 sodium salt TGF-β Receptor A-443654 Akt A-484954 CaMK A66 PI3K A-674563 Akt, CDK, PKA A-769662 AMPK ABBV-744 Epigenetic Reader Do Abemaciclib CDK Abrocitinib JAK ABT-702 dihydrochloride Adenosine Kinase AC480 (BMS-599626) EGFR, HER2 AC710 c-Kit; FLT3; PDGFR Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) BTK Acalisib PI3K acalisib (GS-9820) PI3K ACHP (Hydrochloride) IKK ACTB-1003 FGFR; VEGFR Acumapimod p38 MAPK AD80 c-RET, Src, S6 Kinase Adavosertib Wee1 AEE788 EGFR Afatinib Autophagy; EGFR Afatinib (BIBW2992) EGFR, HER2 Afatinib (dimaleate) Autophagy; EGFR Afuresertib Akt AG 555 EGFR AG-1024 IGF-1R AG126 ERK AG-1478 EGFR AG-18 EGFR AG-490 Autophagy; EGFR; STAT Agerafenib Raf AGL-2263 Insulin Receptor AICAR AMPK; Autophagy; Mitophagy AIM-100 Ack1 AKT inhibitor VIII Akt AKT Kinase Inhibitor Akt Akt1 and Akt2-IN-1 Akt Akti-1/2 Akt Alectinib ALK Alisertib (MLN8237) Aurora Kinase ALK inhibitor 1 ALK ALK inhibitor 2 ALK ALK-IN-1 ALK Allitinib tosylate EGFR Alofanib FGFR Alpelisib PI3K Altiratinib c-Met/HGFR; FLT3; Trk Receptor; VEGFR ALW-II-41-27 Ephrin Receptor AM-2394 Glucokinase Amcasertib (BBI503) Sternness kinase AMG 337 c-Met AMG 900 Aurora Kinase AMG 925 (HCl) CDK; FLT3 AMG-208 c-Met/HGFR AMG319 PI3K AMG-337 c-Met/HGFR AMG-3969 Glucokinase AMG-458 c-Met AMG-47a Src AMG-900 Aurora Kinase Amlexanox Immunology & Inflammation related Amuvatinib (MP-470) c-Kit, FLT3, PDGFR ANA-12 Trk Receptor Anacardic Acid Histone Acetyltransferase Anlotinib (AL3818) dihydrochloride VEGFR AP26113-analog (ALK-IN-1) ALK, EGFR Apatinib VEGFR, c-RET Apatinib?mesylate VEGFR Apigenin P450 (e.g. CYP17) Apitolisib mTOR; PI3K APS-2-79 MEK APY0201 Interleukin Related; PIKfyve APY29 IRE1 AR-A014418 GSK-3 ARN-3236 Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) ARQ 531 Btk AS-252424 PI3K AS601245 JNK AS-604850 PI3K AS-605240 Autophagy; PI3K Asciminib Bcr-Abl Asciminib (ABL001) Bcr-Abl ASP3026 ALK ASP5878 FGFR AST 487 Bcr-Abl; c-Kit; FLT3; VEGFR AST-1306 EGFR Astragaloside IV ERK; JNK; MMP AT13148 Akt, S6 Kinase, ROCK, PKA AT7519 CDK AT7867 Akt, S6 Kinase AT9283 Aurora Kinase, Bcr-Abl, JAK Atuveciclib CDK Atuveciclib S-Enantiomer CDK Aurora A inhibitor I Aurora Kinase Autophinib Autophagy, PI3K AUZ 454 CDK AV-412 EGFR Avapritinib c-Kit Avitinib (maleate) EGFR AX-15836 ERK Axitinib c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR AZ 3146 Kinesin AZ 628 Raf AZ 960 JAK AZ1495 IRAK AZ191 DYRK AZ20 ATM/ATR AZ-23 Trk Receptor AZ304 Raf AZ31 ATM/ATR AZ3146 Mps1 AZ32 ATM/ATR AZ5104 EGFR AZ960 JAK Azaindole 1 ROCK AZD 6482 Autophagy; PI3K AZD0156 ATM/ATR AZD-0364 ERK AZD1080 GSK-3 AZD1152 Aurora Kinase AZD1208 Pim AZD1390 ATM/ATR AZD-1480 JAK AZD2858 GSK-3 AZD2932 PDGFR, VEGFR, FLT3, c-Kit AZD3229 c-Kit AZD3264 IκB/IKK AZD3463 ALK, IGF-1R AZD-3463 ALK; Autophagy; IGF-1R AZD3759 EGFR AZD4547 FGFR AZD4573 CDK AZD5363 Akt AZD5438 CDK AZD-5438 CDK AZD6482 PI3K AZD6738 ATM/ATR AZD7507 c-Fms AZD7545 PDHK AZD7762 Chk AZD-7762 Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) AZD8055 mTOR AZD-8055 Autophagy; mTOR AZD8186 PI3K AZD8330 MEK AZD8835 PI3K AZD-8835 PI3K AZM475271 Src Bafetinib (INNO-406) Bcr-Abl Bakuchiol Immunology & Inflammation related Barasertib-HQPA Aurora Kinase Bardoxolone Methyl IκB/IKK Baricitinib JAK BAW2881 (NVP-BAW2881) VEGFR, Raf, c-RET BAY 11-7082 E2 conjugating, IκB/IKK Bay 11-7085 IκB/IKK BAY 1217389 Kinesin, Serine/threonin kinase BAY 1895344 (BAY-1895344) ATM/ATR Bay 65-1942 (hydrochloride) IKK BAY1125976 Akt BAY1217389 Mps1 BAY-1895344 (hydrochloride) ATM/ATR BAY-61-3606 Syk BDP5290 ROCK BEBT-908 PI3K Belizatinib ALK; Trk Receptor Bemcentinib TAM Receptor Bentamapimod JNK Berbamine (dihydrochloride) Bcr-Abl Berberine (chloride hydrate) Autophagy; Bacterial; ROS; Topoisomerase Berzosertib ATM/ATR BF738735 PI4K BFH772 VEGFR BGG463 CDK BGT226 (NVP-BGT226) mTOR, PI3K BI 2536 PLK BI-4464 FAK; Ligand for Target Protein BI605906 IKK BI-78D3 JNK BI-847325 MEK, Aurora Kinase BIBF 1202 VEGFR BIBF0775 TGF-β Receptor BI-D1870 S6 Kinase Bikinin GSK-3 Bimiralisib mTOR; PI3K Binimetinib Autophagy; MEK Binimetinib (MEK162, ARRY-162, MEK ARRY-438162) BIO GSK-3 BIO-acetoxime GSK-3 Biochanin A FAAH Bisindolyhnaleimide I PKC Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X) PKC Bisindolylmaleimide IX (Ro 31-8220 PKC Mesylate) BIX 02188 MEK BIX 02189 MEK BIX02188 ERK; MEK BIX02189 ERK; MEK BLU-554 (BLU554) FGFR BLU9931 FGFR BLZ945 CSF-1R BMS 777607 c-Met/HGFR; TAM Receptor BMS-265246 CDK BMS-345541 IκB/IKK BMS-5 LIM Kinase (LIMK) BMS-509744 Itk BMS-536924 IGF-1R BMS-582949 p38 MAPK BMS-690514 EGFR; VEGFR BMS-754807 c-Met, IGF-1R, Trk receptor BMS-777607 TAM Receptor, c-Met BMS-794833 c-Met, VEGFR BMS-911543 JAK BMS-935177 BTK, Trk receptor, c-RET BMS-986142 Btk BMS-986195 Btk BMX-IN-1 BMX Kinase; Btk BOS-172722 Mps1 Bosutinib (SKI-606) Src BPR1J-097 Hydrochloride FLT3 bpV (HOpic) PTEN BQR-695 PI4K B-Raf IN 1 Raf BRAF inhibitor Raf B-Raf inhibitor 1 Raf Brivanib Autophagy; VEGFR Brivanib (BMS-540215) FGFR, VEGFR Brivanib Alaninate (BMS-582664) FGFR, VEGFR BS-181 CDK BTK IN-1 Btk Btk inhibitor 1 Btk BTK inhibitor 1 (Compound 27) BTK Btk inhibitor 1 (R enantiomer) Btk Btk inhibitor 2 Btk Bucladesine (calcium salt) PKA Bucladesine (sodium salt) PKA Buparlisib PI3K Butein EGFR BX517 PDK-1 BX795 PDK-1 BX-795 IκB/IKK, PDK BX-912 PDK Ca2+ channel agonist 1 Calcium Channel; CDK CA-4948 TLR, IL Receptor Cabozantinib c-Kit; c-Met/HGFR; FLT3; TAM Receptor; VEGFR Cabozantinib (S-malate) VEGFR Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) c-Met, VEGFR Cabozantinib malate (XL184) TAM Receptor, VEGFR CAL-130 (Hydrochloride) PI3K CaMKII-IN-1 CaMK Canertinib (CI-1033) EGFR, HER2 Capivasertib Akt; Autophagy Capmatinib c-Met/HGFR Casein Kinase II Inhibitor IV Casein Kinase CAY10505 PI3K CC-115 DNA-PK, mTOR CC-223 mTOR CC-401 (hydrochloride) JNK CC-671 CDK CC-90003 ERK CCG215022 PKA CCT 137690 Aurora Kinase CCT020312 Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF); PERK CCT128930 Akt CCT129202 Aurora Kinase CCT137690 Aurora Kinase CCT196969 Raf, Src CCT241533 (hydrochloride) Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CCT241736 Aurora Kinase; FLT3 CCT245737 Chk CCT-251921 CDK CDK9-IN-1 CDK; HIV CDK9-IN-2 CDK CDKI-73 CDK CDK-IN-2 CDK Cediranib Autophagy; PDGFR; VEGFR Cediranib Maleate VEGFR Centrinone Polo-like Kinase (PLK) Centrinone-B Polo-like Kinase (PLK) CEP-28122 (mesylate salt) ALK CEP-32496 CSF-1R, Raf CEP-33779 JAK CEP-37440 ALK; FAK CEP-40783 c-Met/HGFR; TAM Receptor Ceralasertib ATM/ATR Cerdulatinib JAK; Syk Cerdulatinib (PRT062070, PRT2070) JAK Ceritinib ALK; IGF-1R; Insulin Receptor Ceritinib dihydrochloride ALK; IGF-1R; Insulin Receptor CFI-400945 PLK CFI-402257 hydrochloride Mps1 cFMS Receptor Inhibitor II c-Fms c-Fms-IN-2 c-Fms CG-806 Btk; FLT3 CGI1746 BTK CGI-1746 Autophagy; Btk CGK733 ATM/ATR CGK733 ATM/ATR CGP 57380 MNK CGP60474 PKC; VEGFR CH5132799 PI3K CH5183284 FGFR CH5183284 (Debio-1347) FGFR CH7057288 Trk Receptor Chelerythrine Chloride Autophagy; PKC CHIR-124 Chk CHIR-98014 GSK-3 CHIR-99021 Autophagy; GSK-3 CHIR-99021 (CT99021) GSK-3 Chk2 Inhibitor II (BML-277) Chk Chloropyramine hydrochloride FAK; Histamine Receptor; VEGFR CHMFL-BMX-078 BMX Kinase CHR-6494 Haspin Kinase Chroman 1 ROCK Chrysophanic Acid EGFR, mTOR CHZ868 JAK CI-1040 MEK CID 2011756 Serine/threonin kina CID755673 Serine/threonin kinase, CaMK CK1-IN-1 Casein Kinase c-Kit-IN-1 c-Kit; c-Met/HGFR CL-387785 EGFR CL-387785 (EKI-785) EGFR CLK1-IN-1 CDK c-Met inhibitor 1 c-Met/HGFR CNX-2006 EGFR CNX-774 Btk Cobimetinib MEK Cobimetinib (GDC-0973, RG7420) MEK Cobimetinib (hemifumarate) MEK Cobimetinib (racemate) MEK Compound 401 DNA-PK Corynoxeine ERK1/2 CP21R7 GSK-3 CP21R7 (CP21) Wnt/beta-catenin CP-466722 ATM/ATR CP-673451 PDGFR CP-724714 EGFR, HER2 Crenolanib Autophagy; FLT3; PDGFR Crizotinib ALK; Autophagy; c-Met/HGFR CRT0066101 Serine/threonin kinase, CaMK CRT0066101 dihydrochloride PKD CT7001 hydrochloride CDK Cucurbitacin E Autophagy; CDK Cucurbitacin I JAK; STAT CUDC-101 EGFR, HDAC, HER2 CUDC-907 HDAC, PI3K CVT-313 CDK CX-6258 Pim Cyasterone EGFR CYC065 CDK CYC116 Aurora Kinase, VEGFR CZ415 mTOR CZC24832 PI3K CZC-25146 LRRK2 CZC-54252 LRRK2 CZC-8004 Bcr-Abl D 4476 Casein Kinase D4476 Autophagy; Casein Kinase Dabrafenib Raf Dabrafenib (GSK2118436) Raf Dabrafenib (Mesylate) Raf Dabrafenib Mesylate Raf Dacomitinib EGFR Dacomitinib (PF299804, PF299) EGFR Dactolisib (Tosylate) Autophagy; mTOR; PI3K Danthron AMPK Danusertib Aurora Kinase; Autophagy Danusertib (PHA-739358) Aurora Kinase, Bcr-Abl, c-RET, FGFR Daphnetin PKA, EGFR, PKC Dasatinib Bcr-Abl, c-Kit, Src Dasatinib Monohydrate Src, c-Kit, Bcr-Abl DB07268 JNK DCC-2618 c-Kit DCP-LA PKC DDR1-IN-1 Others Decernotinib (VX-509) JAK Defactinib FAK Degrasyn Autophagy; Bcr-Abl; Deubiquitinase Deguelin Akt, PI3K Dehydrocorydaline (chloride) p38 MAPK Dehydrocostus Lactone IκB/IKK DEL-22379 ERK Delcasertib PKC Delgocitinib JAK Derazantinib FGFR Derazantinib(ARQ-087) FGFR Dicoumarol PDHK Dihexa c-Met/HGFR Dihydromyricetin Autophagy; mTOR Dilmapimod p38 MAPK Dinaciclib CDK Dinaciclib (SCH727965) CDK DMAT Casein Kinase DMH1 TGF-beta/Smad DMH-1 Autophagy; TGF-b Receptor Doramapimod p38 MAPK; Raf Doramapimod (BIRB 796) p38 MAPK Dorsomorphin (Compound C) AMPK Dorsomorphin (dihydrochloride) AMPK; Autophagy; TGF-β Receptor Dovitinib c-Kit; FGFR; FLT3; PDGFR; VEGFR Dovitinib (lactate) FGFR Dovitinib (TKI-258) Dilactic Acid c-Kit, FGFR, FLT3, PDGFR, VEGFR Dovitinib (TKI258) Lactate FLT3, c-Kit, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR Dovitinib (TKI-258, CHIR-258) c-Kit, FGFR, FLT3, PDGFR, VEGFR DPH Bcr-Abl Dubermatinib TAM Receptor Duvelisib PI3K Duvelisib (R enantiomer) PI3K EAI045 EGFR eCF506 Src Edicotinib c-Fms eFT-508 (eFT508) MNK EG00229 VEGFR EGFR-IN-3 EGFR Ellagic acid Topoisomerase EMD638683 SGK EMD638683 (R-Form) SGK EMD638683 (S-Form) SGK Emodin Autophagy; Casein Kinase Empesertib Mps1 Encorafenib Raf ENMD-2076 Aurora Kinase, FLT3, VEGFR ENMD-2076 L-(+)-Tartaric acid Aurora Kinase, FLT3, VEGFR Entospletinib Syk Entospletinib (GS-9973) Syk Entrectinib ALK; Autophagy; ROS; Trk Receptor Entrectinib (RXDX-101) Trk receptor, ALK Enzastaurin Autophagy; PKC Enzastaurin (LY317615) PKC Erdafitinib FGFR Erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) FGFR ERK5-IN-1 ERK Erlotinib EGFR ETC-1002 AMPK; ATP Citrate Lyase ETC-206 MNK ETP-46321 PI3K ETP-46464 ATM/ATR, mTOR Everolimus (RAD001) mTOR Evobrutinib Btk EX229 AMPK Falnidamol EGFR Fasudil (Hydrochloride) Autophagy; PKA; ROCK Fedratinib JAK Fenebrutinib Btk Ferulic acid FGFR Ferulic acid methyl ester p38 MAPK FGF401 FGFR FGFR4-IN-1 FGFR FIIN-2 FGFR FIIN-3 EGFR; FGFR Filgotinib JAK Filgotinib (GLPG0634) JAK Fimepinostat HDAC; PI3K Fingolimod LPL Receptor; PAK Fisogatinib FGFR Flavopiridol Autophagy; CDK FLLL32 JAK FLT3-IN-1 FLT3 FLT3-IN-2 FLT3 Flufenamic acid AMPK; Calcium Channel; Chloride Channel; COX; Potassium Channel Flumatinib Bcr-Abl; c-Kit; PDGFR Flumatinib (mesylate) Bcr-Abl; c-Kit; PDGFR FM381 JAK FM-381 JAK FMK Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) FN-1501 CDK; FLT3 Foretinib c-Met/HGFR; VEGFR Foretinib (GSK1363089) c-Met, VEGFR Formononetin Others Fostamatinib (R788) Syk FR 180204 ERK FRAX1036 PAK FRAX486 PAK FRAX597 PAK Fruquintinib VEGFRs Futibatinib FGFR G-5555 PAK G-749 FLT3 Galunisertib TGF-β Receptor Gambogenic acid Others Gandotinib FGFR; FLT3; JAK; VEGFR Gandotinib (LY2784544) JAK GDC-0077 PI3K GDC-0084 PI3K, mTOR GDC-0326 PI3K GDC-0339 Pim GDC-0349 mTOR GDC-0575 (ARRY-575, RG7741) Chk GDC-0623 MEK GDC-0834 Btk GDC-0834 (Racemate) Btk GDC-0834 (S-enantiomer) Btk GDC-0879 Raf Gedatolisib (PF-05212384, PKI-587) mTOR, PI3K Gefitinib Autophagy; EGFR Gefitinib (ZD1839) EGFR Genistein EGFR, Topoisomerase Gilteritinib (ASP2215) FLT3, TAM Receptor Ginkgolide C AMPK; MMP; Sirtuin Ginsenoside Rb1 Autophagy; IRAK; Mitophagy; Na+/K+ ATPase; NF-κB Ginsenoside Re Amyloid-β; JNK; NF-κB Glesatinib (hydrochloride) c-Met/HGFR; TAM Receptor GLPG0634 analog JAK GNE-0877 LRRK2 GNE-317 PI3K GNE-477 mTOR; PI3K GNE-493 mTOR; PI3K GNE-7915 LRRK2 GNE-9605 LRRK2 GNF-2 Bcr-Abl GNF-5 Bcr-Abl GNF-5837 Trk Receptor GNF-7 Bcr-Abl G0 6983 PKC G06976 FLT3, JAK, PKC Golvatinib (E7050) c-Met, VEGFR GSK 3 Inhibitor IX CDK; GSK-3 GSK 650394 SGK GSK1059615 mTOR, PI3K GSK1070916 Aurora Kinase GSK180736A ROCK GSK180736A (GSK180736) ROCK GSK1838705A ALK, IGF-1R GSK1904529A IGF-1R GSK2110183 (hydrochloride) Akt GSK2256098 FAK GSK2292767 PI3K GSK2334470 PDK GSK2578215A LRRK2 GSK2606414 PERK GSK2636771 PI3K GSK2656157 PERK GSK269962A ROCK GSK2850163 IRE1 GSK2982772 TNF-alpha, NF-κB GSK-3 inhibitor 1 GSK-3 GSK429286A ROCK GSK461364 PLK GSK481 TNF-alpha GSK′481 RIP kinase GSK′547 TNF-alpha GSK583 NF-κB GSK650394 Others GSK690693 Akt GSK-872 RIP kinase GSK′963 NF-κB, TNF-alpha Gusacitinib JAK; Syk GW 441756 Trk Receptor GW 5074 Raf GW2580 CSF-1R GW441756 Trk receptor GW5074 Raf GW788388 TGF-beta/Smad GW843682X Polo-like Kinase (PLK) GZD824 Bcr-Abl GZD824 Dimesylate Bcr-Abl H3B-6527 FGFR H-89 (dihydrochloride) Autophagy; PKA HA-100 Myosin; PKA; PKC Harmine 5-HT Receptor; DYRK; RAD51 Harmine hydrochloride DYRK HER2-Inhibitor-1 EGFR, HER2 Hesperadin Aurora Kinase HG-10-102-01 LRRK2 HG-14-10-04 ALK HG6-64-1 Raf HG-9-91-01 Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) Hispidulin Pim HMN-214 PLK Honokiol Akt, MEK HS-10296 hydrochloride EGFR HS-1371 Serine/threonin kina HS-173 PI3K HTH-01-015 AMPK hVEGF-IN-1 VEGFR Hydroxyfasudil ROCK Ibrutinib Btk Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) BTK IC261 Casein Kinase IC-87114 PI3K Icotinib EGFR ID-8 DYRK Idelalisib Autophagy; PI3K Idelalisib (CAL-101, GS-1101) PI3K IITZ-01 Autophagy; PI3K IKK 16 IKK; LRRK2 IKK-IN-1 IKK Ilginatinib JAK IM-12 GSK-3 Imatinib Autophagy; Bcr-Abl; c-Kit; PDGFR Imatinib Mesylate (STI571) Bcr-Abl, c-Kit, PDGFR IMD 0354 IκB/IKK IMD-0354 IKK IMD-0560 IKK INCB053914 (phosphate) Pim Indirubin GSK-3 Indirubin-3′-monoxime 5-Lipoxygenase; GSK-3 Infigratinib FGFR Ingenol PKC INH14 IKK IPA-3 PAK Ipatasertib Akt IPI-3063 PI3K IPI549 PI3K IPI-549 PI3K IQ-1S (free acid) JNK IRAK inhibitor 1 IRAK IRAK inhibitor 2 IRAK IRAK inhibitor 4 (trans) IRAK IRAK inhibitor 6 IRAK IRAK-1-4 Inhibitor I IRAK IRAK4-IN-1 IRAK Irbinitinib (ARRY-380, ONT-380) HER2 ISCK03 c-Kit Isorhamnetin MEK; PI3K Isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperoside Others Isovitexin JNK; NF-κB ISRIB (trans-isomer) PERK Itacitinib JAK ITD-1 TGF-β Receptor ITX5061 p38 MAPK JAK3-IN-1 JAK JANEX-1 JAK JH-II-127 LRRK2 JH-VIII-157-02 ALK JI-101 Ephrin Receptor; PDGFR; VEGFR JNJ-38877605 c-Met JNJ-38877618 c-Met/HGFR JNJ-47117096 hydrochloride FLT3; MELK JNJ-7706621 Aurora Kinase, CDK JNK Inhibitor IX JNK JNK-IN-7 JNK JNK-IN-8 JNK K02288 TGF-beta/Smad K03861 CDK K145 (hydrochloride) SPHK kb NB 142-70 PKD KD025 (SLx-2119) ROCK KDU691 PI4K Kenpaullone CDK Ki20227 c-Fms Ki8751 c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR kira6 Others KN-62 CaMK KN-92 (hydrochloride) CaMK KN-93 CaMK KN-93 Phosphate CaMK KPT-9274 NAMPT, PAK KRN 633 VEGFR KU-0063794 mTOR KU-55933 ATM/ATR; Autophagy KU-57788 CRISPR/Cas9; DNA-PK KU-60019 ATM/ATR KW-2449 Aurora Kinase, Bcr-Abl, FLT3 KX1-004 Src KX2-391 Src L-779450 Autophagy; Raf Lapatinib EGFR, HER2 Larotrectinib (LOXO-101) sulfate Trk receptor Larotrectinib sulfate Trk Receptor Lazertinib EGFR Lazertinib (YH25448, GNS-1480) EGFR Lck Inhibitor Src Lck inhibitor 2 Src LDC000067 CDK LDC1267 TAM Receptor LDC4297 CDK LDN-193189 2HCl TGF-beta/Smad LDN-212854 TGF-β Receptor LDN-214117 TGF-beta/Smad Leflunomide Dehydrogenase Leniolisib PI3K Lenvatinib VEGFR Lerociclib dihydrochloride CDK LFM-A13 BTK Lifirafenib EGFR; Raf Linifanib Autophagy; FLT3; PDGFR; VEGFR Linsitinib IGF-1R; Insulin Receptor LJH685 S6 Kinase LJI308 S6 Kinase L-Leucine mTOR LM22A-4 Trk Receptor LM22B-10 Akt; ERK; Trk Receptor Longdaysin Casein Kinase; ERK Lonidamine Hexokinase Lorlatinib ALK Lorlatinib?(PF-6463922) ALK Losmapimod Autophagy; p38 MAPK Losmapimod (GW856553X) p38 MAPK Loureirin B ERK; JNK; PAI-1; Potassium Channel LRRK2 inhibitor 1 LRRK2 LRRK2-IN-1 LRRK2 LSKL, Inhibitor of Thrombospondin TGF-β Receptor (TSP-1) LTURM34 DNA-PK Lucitanib FGFR; VEGFR Lupeol Immunology & Inflammation related LX2343 Amyloid-P; Autophagy; Beta-secretase; PI3K LXH254 Raf LXS196 PKC LY2090314 GSK-3 LY2109761 TGF-beta/Smad LY2409881 IκB/IKK LY2584702 S6 Kinase LY2584702 Tosylate S6 Kinase LY2608204 Glucokinase LY2857785 CDK LY2874455 FGFR, VEGFR LY294002 Autophagy, PI3K LY3009120 Raf LY3023414 mTOR, PI3K, DNA-PK LY3177833 CDK LY3200882 TGF-β Receptor LY3214996 ERK LY3295668 Aurora Kinase LY364947 TGF-beta/Smad LY-364947 TGF-β Receptor LYN-1604 hydrochloride ULK Magnolin ERK1 Masitinib c-Kit; PDGFR MBQ-167 CDK; Ras MC180295 CDK MCB-613 Src MEK inhibitor MEK MELK-8a (hydrochloride) MELK Merestinib c-Met/HGFR Mesalamine IκB/IKK, Immunology & Inflammation related Metadoxine PKA Metformin (hydrochloride) AMPK; Autophagy; Mitophagy Methylthiouracil ERK; Interleukin Related; NF-κB; TNF Receptor MGCD-265 analog c-Met/HGFR; VEGFR MHP SPHK MHY1485 Autophagy; mTOR Midostaurin PKC Milciclib (PHA-848125) CDK Miltefosine Akt Miransertib Akt Mirin ATM/ATR Mirk-IN-1 DYRK Mitoxantrone PKC; Topoisomerase MK 2206 (dihydrochloride) Akt; Autophagy MK-2461 c-Met, FGFR, PDGFR MK2-IN-1 (hydrochloride) MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MK-3903 AMPK MK-5108 Aurora Kinase MK-8033 c-Met/HGFR MK8722 AMPK MK-8745 Aurora Kinase MK-8776 (SCH 900776) CDK, Chk MKC3946 IRE1 MKC8866 IRE1 MKC9989 IRE1 ML167 CDK ML347 TGF-beta/Smad, ALK ML-7 HCl Serine/threonin kinase MLi-2 LRRK2 MLN0905 PLK MLN120B IKK MLN2480 Raf MLN8054 Aurora Kinase MNS Src; Syk MNS (3,4-Methylenedioxy-β- Tyrosinase, p97, Syk, Src nitrostyrene, MDBN) Momelotinib Autophagy; JAK Motesanib c-Kit; VEGFR MP7 PDK-1 MP-A08 SPHK MPI-0479605 Kinesin Mps1-IN-1 Mps1 Mps1-IN-2 Mps1; Polo-like Kinase (PLK) MRT67307 HCl IκB/IKK MRT68921 (hydrochloride) ULK MRX-2843 FLT3 MSC2530818 CDK MSDC 0160 Insulin Receptor mTOR inhibitor-3 mTOR MTX-211 EGFR; PI3K Mubritinib EGFR Mutated EGFR-IN-1 EGFR Myricetin MEK NAMI-A FAK Naquotinib(ASP8273) EGFR Narciclasine ROCK Nazartinib EGFR Nazartinib (EGF816, NVS-816) EGFR NCB-0846 Wnt/beta-catenin Nec-1s (7-Cl—O—Nec1) TNF-alpha Necrostatin-1 Autophagy; RIP kinase Necrosulfonamide Others Nedisertib DNA-PK Neflamapimod p38 MAPK Nemiralisib PI3K Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone ROS Neratinib (HKI-272) EGFR, HER2 NG 52 CDK NH125 CaMK Nilotinib Autophagy; Bcr-Abl Nilotinib (AMN-107) Bcr-Abl Ningetinib c-Met/HGFR; TAM Receptor; VEGFR Nintedanib FGFR; PDGFR; VEGFR NMS-P937 (NMS1286937) PLK Nocodazole Autophagy, Microtubule Associated Norcantharidin EGFR, c-Met Notoginsenoside R1 Others NPS-1034 c-Met, TAM Receptor NQDI-1 ASK NSC 228155 EGFR; Epigenetic Reader Domain; Histone Acetyltransferase NSC 42834 JAK NSC12 FGFR NSC781406 mTOR; PI3K NT157 IGF-1R NU 7026 DNA-PK NU2058 CDK NU6027 CDK NU6300 CDK NU7026 DNA-PK NU7441 (KU-57788) DNA-PK, PI3K NVP-2 CDK NVP-ACC789 PDGFR; VEGFR NVP-ADW742 IGF-1R NVP-BAW2881 VEGFR NVP-BHG712 Bcr-Abl, Ephrin receptor, Raf, Src NVP-BHG712 isomer Ephrin Receptor NVP-BSK805 2HCl JAK NVP-BVU972 c-Met NVP-LCQ195 CDK NVP-TAE 226 FAK; Pyk2 NVP-TAE 684 ALK NVS-PAK1-1 PAK Oclacitinib (maleate) JAK Oglufanide VEGFR Olmutinib EGFR Omipalisib mTOR; PI3K Omtriptolide ERK ON123300 CDK ONO-4059 (GS-4059) hydrochloride BTK Orantinib (TSU-68, SU6668) PDGFR Oridonin Akt OSI-027 mTOR OSI-420 EGFR OSI-930 c-Kit, CSF-1R, VEGFR Osimertinib EGFR OSU-03012 (AR-12) PDK OTS514 hydrochloride TOPK OTS964 TOPK OTSSP167 (hydrochloride) MELK P276-00 CDK p38α inhibitor 1 p38 MAPK p38-α MAPK-IN-1 p38 MAPK Pacritinib FLT3; JAK Palbociclib (hydrochloride) CDK Palbociclib (isethionate) CDK Palomid 529 mTOR Palomid 529 (P529) mTOR Pamapimod p38 MAPK Parsaclisib PI3K Pazopanib c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR PCI 29732 Btk PCI-33380 Btk PD 169316 Autophagy; p38 MAPK PD0166285 Wee1 PD0325901 MEK PD153035 EGFR PD158780 EGFR PD-166866 FGFR PD168393 EGFR PD173074 FGFR, VEGFR PD173955 Bcr-Abl PD184352 (CI-1040) MEK PD318088 MEK PD98059 MEK Peficitinib JAK Pelitinib EGFR; Src Pelitinib (EKB-569) EGFR Pemigatinib FGFR Perifosine (KRX-0401) Akt Pexidartinib c-Fms; c-Kit Pexmetinib (ARRY-614) p38 MAPK, Tie-2 PF-00562271 Besylate FAK PF-03814735 Aurora Kinase; VEGFR PF-04217903 c-Met PF-04217903 (methanesulfonate) c-Met/HGFR PF-04691502 Akt, mTOR, PI3K PF-04965842 JAK PF-05231023 FGFR PF-06273340 Trk receptor PF-06409577 AMPK PF-06447475 LRRK2 PF-06459988 EGFR PF06650833 IRAK PF-06651600 JAK PF-06700841 (P-Tosylate) JAK PF-3758309 PAK PF-431396 FAK PF-4708671 S6 Kinase PF-477736 Chk PF-4800567 Casein Kinase PF-4989216 PI3K PF-543 (Citrate) SPHK PF-562271 FAK PF-573228 FAK PFK15 Autophagy PFK158 Autophagy PH-797804 p38 MAPK PHA-665752 c-Met PHA-680632 Aurora Kinase PHA-767491 CDK PHA-793887 CDK Phenformin (hydrochloride) AMPK Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate PKC; SPHK PHT-427 Akt, PDK PI-103 Autophagy, DNA-PK, mTOR, PI3K PI-103 (Hydrochloride) DNA-PK; mTOR; PI3K PI-3065 PI3K PI3K-IN-1 PI3K PI3Kδ-IN-2 PI3K PI4KIII beta inhibitor 3 PI4K Piceatannol Syk Picfeltarraenin IA AChE Picropodophyllin IGF-1R Pictilisib (GDC-0941) PI3K PIK-293 PI3K PIK-294 PI3K PIK-75 DNA-PK; PI3K PIK-75 HCl DNA-PK, PI3K PIK-93 PI3K PIK-III Autophagy, PI3K Pilaralisib PI3K Pilaralisib analogue PI3K Pim1/AKK1-IN-1 Pim PIM-447 (dihydrochloride) Pim Pimasertib MEK Pitavastatin Calcium HMG-CoA Reductase PKC-IN-1 PKC PKC-theta inhibitor PKC PKM2 inhibitor(compound 3k) PKM Pluripotin ERK; Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) PLX-4720 Raf PLX647 c-Fms; c-Kit PLX7904 Raf PLX8394 Raf PND-1186 FAK PND-1186 (VS-4718) FAK Poloxime Polo-like Kinase (PLK) Poloxin Polo-like Kinase (PLK) Ponatinib (AP24534) Bcr-Abl, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR Poziotinib (HM781-36B) HER2, EGFR PP1 Src PP121 DNA-PK, mTOR, PDGFR, Src, VEGFR, Bcr-Abl PP2 Src PQ 401 IGF-1R PQR620 mTOR Prexasertib Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) PRN1008 Btk PRN1371 FGFR PRN694 Itk PROTAC CDK9 Degrader-1 CDK; PROTAC Protein kinase inhibitors 1 DYRK hydrochloride PRT-060318 Syk PRT062607 (Hydrochloride) Syk PS-1145 IκB/IKK Psoralidin Estrogen/progestogen Receptor Purvalanol A CDK Purvalanol B CDK PYR-41 E1 Activating Pyridone 6 JAK Pyrotinib dimaleate EGFR Quercetin Src, Sirtuin, PKC, PI3K Quizartinib (AC220) FLT3 R112 Syk R1487 (Hydrochloride) p38 MAPK R1530 VEGFR R-268712 TGF-β Receptor R406 FLT3, Syk R406 (free base) Syk R547 CDK R788 (Fostamatinib) Disodium Syk Rabusertib (LY2603618) Chk Radotinib Bcr-Abl RAF265 Autophagy; Raf; VEGFR RAF265 (CHIR-265) Raf, VEGFR RAF709 Raf Ralimetinib (LY2228820) p38 MAPK Rapamycin (Sirolimus) Autophagy, mTOR Ravoxertinib ERK Rebastinib Bcr-Abl; FLT3; Src Refametinib MEK Refametinib (RDEA119, Bay 86-9766) MEK Regorafenib Autophagy; PDGFR; Raf; VEGFR Repotrectinib ALK; ROS; Trk Receptor RepSox TGF-beta/Smad Resveratrol Autophagy; IKK; Mitophagy; Sirtuin Reversine Adenosine Receptor, Aurora Kinase RG13022 EGFR RG14620 EGFR RGB-286638 (free base) CDK; GSK-3; JAK; MEK Ribociclib CDK Ridaforolimus (Deforolimus, MK- mTOR 8669) Rigoscrtib (ON-01910) PLK Rigosertib (sodium) Polo-like Kinase (PLK) Rimacalib CaMK RIP2 kinase inhibitor 1 RIP kinase RIP2 kinase inhibitor 2 RIP kinase RIPA-56 RIP kinase Ripasudil ROCK Ripretinib c-Kit; PDGFR RK-24466 Src RKI-1447 ROCK RN486 Btk Ro 28-1675 Glucokinase Ro 5126766 MEK; Raf Ro3280 PLK Ro-3306 CDK RO4987655 MEK RO9021 Svk Roblitinib FGFR Rociletinib EGFR Rociletinib (CO-1686, AVL-301) EGFR Rociletinib hydrobromide EGFR Rogaratinib FGFR Roscovitine (Seliciclib, CYC202) CDK Rosmarinic acid IκB/IKK Ruboxistaurin (LY333531 HCl) PKC Ruxolitinib Autophagy; JAK; Mitophagy Ruxolitinib (phosphate) Autophagy; JAK; Mitophagy Ruxolitinib (S enantiomer) Autophagy; JAK RXDX-106 (CEP-40783) TAM Receptor S49076 c-Met, FGFR, TAM Receptor SAFit2 Akt Salidroside mTOR Salubrinal PERK Sapanisertib Autophagy; mTOR Sapitinib EGFR SAR-020106 Chk SAR125844 c-Met SAR131675 VEGFR SAR-20347 JAK SAR-260301 PI3K SAR405 Autophagy; PI3K SAR407899 ROCK Saracatinib Autophagy; Src Saracatinib (AZD0530) Src Savolitinib c-Met/HGFR Savolitinib(AZD6094, HMPL-504) c-Met SB 202190 Autophagy; p38 MAPK SB 203580 Autophagy; Mitophagy; p38 MAPK SB 203580 (hydrochloride) Autophagy; Mitophagy; p38 MAPK SB 239063 p38 MAPK SB 242235 p38 MAPK SB 415286 GSK-3 SB 525334 TGF-β Receptor SB1317 CDK; FLT3; JAK SB202190 (FHPI) p38 MAPK SB203580 p38 MAPK SB216763 GSK-3 SB239063 p38 MAPK SB415286 GSK-3 SB431542 TGF-beta/Smad SB-431542 TGF-β Receptor SB505124 TGF-beta/Smad SB-505124 TGF-β Receptor SB525334 TGF-beta/Smad SB590885 Raf SB-590885 Raf SBE 13 HCl PLK SBI-0206965 Autophagy SC-514 IκB/IKK SC66 Akt SC79 Akt SCH-1473759 (hydrochloride) Aurora Kinase SCH772984 ERK SCH900776 Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) Schisandrin B (Sch B) ATM/ATR, P-gp Scopoletin Immunology & Inflammation related SCR-1481B1 c-Met/HGFR; VEGFR Scutellarein Autophagy; Src Scuteliarin Akt; STAT SD 0006 p38 MAPK SD-208 TGF-beta/Smad SEL120-34A (monohydrochloride) CDK Seletalisib PI3K Seletalisib (UCB-5857) PI3K Seliciclib CDK Selitrectinib Trk Receptor Selonsertib (GS-4997) ASK Selumetinib MEK Selumetinib (AZD6244) MEK Semaxanib (SU5416) VEGFR Semaxinib VEGFR Senexin A CDK Sennoside B PDGFR Serabelisib PI3K Serabelisib (INK-1117, MLN-1117, PI3K TAK-117) SF1670 PTEN SF2523 PI3K, DNA-PK, Epigenetic Reader Domain, mTOR SGI-1776 Autophagy; Pim SGI-1776 free base Pim SGI-7079 VEGFR SGX-523 c-Met Silmitasertib Autophagy; Casein Kinase Simurosertib CDK Sitravatinib c-Kit; Discoidin Domain Receptor; FLT3; Trk Receptor; VEGFR Sitravatinib (MGCD516) Ephrin receptor, c-Kit, TAM Receptor, VEGFR, Trk receptor SJ000291942 TGF-β Receptor SK1-IN-1 SPHK Skatole Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor; p38 MAPK Skepinone-L p38 MAPK SKF-86002 p38 MAPK SKI II S1P Receptor SKLB1002 VEGFR SKLB4771 FLT3 SL327 MEK SL-327 MEK SLV-2436 MNK SLx-2119 ROCK SM 16 TGF-β Receptor SMI-16a Pim SMI-4a Pim SNS-032 CDK SNS-032 (BMS-387032) CDK SNS-314 Aurora Kinase SNS-314 Mesylate Aurora Kinase Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) Dehydrogenase Sodium Monofluorophosphate phosphatase Solanesol (Nonaisoprenol) FAK Solcitinib JAK Sorafenib Raf Sorafenib Tosylate PDGFR, Raf, VEGFR Sotrastaurin PKC SP600125 JNK Spebrutinib Btk SPHINX31 Serine/threonin kina SR-3029 Casein Kinase SR-3306 JNK SR-3677 Autophagy; ROCK Src Inhibitor 1 Src SRPIN340 SRPK S-Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) JAK SSR128129E FGFR Staurosporine PKA; PKC STF-083010 IRE1 STO-609 CaMK SU 5402 FGFR; PDGFR; VEGFR SU11274 c-Met SU14813 c-Kit; PDGFR; VEGFR SU14813 (maleate) c-Kit; PDGFR; VEGFR SU1498 VEGFR SU5402 FGFR, VEGFR SU5408 VEGFR SU6656 Src SU9516 CDK Sulfatinib FGFR; VEGFR SUN11602 FGFR Sunitinib PDGFR, c-Kit, VEGFR Sunitinib Malate c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR T56-LIMKi LIM Kinase (LIMK) TA-01 Casein Kinase; p38 MAPK TA-02 p38 MAPK TAE226 (NVP-TAE226) FAK TAE684 (NVP-TAE684) ALK TAK-285 EGFR, HER2 TAK-580 Raf TAK-593 PDGFR; VEGFR TAK-632 Raf TAK-659 Syk, FLT3 TAK-715 p38 MAPK TAK-733 MEK TAK-901 Aurora Kinase TAK-960 Polo-like Kinase (PLK) Takinib IL Receptor Talmapimod p38 MAPK Tandutinib FLT3 Tandutinib (MLN518) FLT3 Tanzisertib JNK Tanzisertib(CC-930) JNK tarloxotinib bromide EGFR TAS-115 mesylate c-Met/HGFR; VEGFR TAS-301 PKC TAS6417 EGFR Taselisib PI3K Tat-NR2B9c p38 MAPK Tat-NR2B9C (TFA) p38 MAPK Tauroursodeoxycholate (Sodium) Caspase; ERK Tauroursodeoxycholate dihydrate Caspase; ERK Taxifolin (Dihydroquercetin) VEGFR TBB Casein Kinase TBK1/IKKε-IN-2 IKK TC13172 Mixed Lineage Kinase TC-DAPK 6 DAPK TCS 359 FLT3 TCS JNK 5a JNK TCS PIM-11 Pim TCS-PIM-1-4a Pim TDZD-8 GSK-3 Telatinib c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR Temsirolimus (CCI-779, NSC 683864) mTOR Tenalisib PI3K Tenalisib (RP6530) PI3K Tepotinib Autophagy; c-Met/HGFR Tepotinib (EMD 1214063) c-Met TG 100572 (Hydrochloride) FGFR; PDGFR; Src; VEGFR TG003 CDK TG100-115 PI3K TG100713 PI3K TG101209 c-RET, FLT3, JAK TGX-221 PI3K Theliatinib (HMPL-309) EGFR Thiazovivin ROCK THZ1 CDK THZ1-R CDK THZ2 CDK THZ531 CDK TIC10 Akt TIC10 Analogue Akt Tideglusib GSK-3 Tie2 kinase inhibitor Tie-2 Tirabrutinib Btk Tirbanibulin (Mesylate) Microtubule/Tubulin; Src Tivantinib c-Met/HGFR Tivantinib (ARQ 197) c-Met Tivozanib VEGFR Tivozanib (AV-951) c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR Toceranib phosphate PDGFRP Tofacitinib JAK Tofacitinib (CP-690550, Tasocitinib) JAK Tolimidone Src Tomivosertib MNK Torin 1 Autophagy, mTOR Torin 2 ATM/ATR, mTOR Torkinib Autophagy; Mitophagy; mTOR Tozasertib (VX-680, MK-0457) Aurora Kinase TP0427736 HCl ALK TP-0903 TAM Receptor TP-3654 Pim TPCA-1 IκB/IKK TPPB PKC TPX-0005 Src, ALK Trametinib MEK trans-Zeatin ERK; MEK Trapidil PDGFR Triciribine Akt TTP 22 Casein Kinase Tucatinib EGFR TWS119 GSK-3 TyK2-IN-2 JAK Tyk2-IN-4 JAK Tyrosine kinase inhibitor c-Met/HGFR Tyrosine kinase-IN-1 FGFR; PDGFR; VEGFR Tyrphostin 23 EGFR Tyrphostin 9 PDGFR, EGFR Tyrphostin A9 VEGFR Tyrphostin AG 1296 c-Kit, PDGFR Tyrphostin AG 528 EGFR Tyrphostin AG 879 HER2 U0126 Autophagy; MEK; Mitophagy U0126-EtOH MEK UCB9608 PI4K UK-371804 HCl Serine Protease Ulixertinib ERK ULK-101 ULK UM-164 Src, p38 MAPK Umbralisib PI3K Umbralisib R-enantiomer PI3K UNC2025 TAM Receptor, FLT3 UNC2881 TAM Receptor Upadacitinib JAK Uprosertib Akt URMC-099 LRRK2 Vactosertib TGF-β Receptor Vactosertib (Hydrochloride) TGF-β Receptor Valrubicin PKC Vandetanib Autophagy; VEGFR Varlitinib EGFR Vatalanib (PTK787) 2HCl VEGFR VE-821 ATM/ATR VE-822 ATM/ATR Vecabrutinib Btk; Itk Vemurafenib Autophagy; Raf VER-246608 PDHK Verbascoside Immunology & Inflammation related Vistusertib Autophagy; mTOR Volasertib (BI 6727) PLK VO-Ohpic trihydrate PTEN Voxtalisib mTOR; PI3K VPS34 inhibitor 1 (Compound 19, PI3K PIK-III analogue) Vps34-IN-1 PI3K Vps34-IN-2 PI3K Vps34-PIK-III Autophagy; PI3K VS-5584 mTOR; PI3K VS-5584 (SB2343) PI3K VTX-27 PKC VX-11e ERK VX-702 p38 MAPK VX-745 p38 MAPK WAY-600 mTOR Wedelolactone NF-κB WEHI-345 RIP kinase WH-4-023 Src WHI-P154 EGFR; JAK WHI-P180 EGFR; VEGFR WHI-P97 JAK WNK463 Serine/threonin kinase Wogonin CDK, Transferase Wortmannin ATM/ATR; DNA-PK; PI3K; Polo-like Kinase (PLK) WP1066 JAK; STAT WYE-125132 (WYE-132) mTOR WYE-132 mTOR WYE-354 mTOR WZ3146 EGFR WZ-3146 EGFR WZ4002 EGFR WZ4003 AMPK WZ8040 EGFR X-376 ALK; c-Met/HGFR XL019 JAK XL147 analogue PI3K XL228 Aurora Kinase; Bcr-Abl; IGF-1R; Src XL388 mTOR XL413 (BMS-863233) CDK XMD16-5 ACK XMD17-109 ERK XMD8-87 ACK XMD8-92 ERK Y15 FAK Y-27632 ROCK Y-33075 ROCK Y-39983 HCl ROCK YKL-05-099 Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) YLF-466D AMPK YM-201636 Autophagy; PI3K; PIKfyve YU238259 DNA-PK Zanubrutinib Btk ZD-4190 EGFR; VEGFR ZINC00881524 ROCK ZINC00881524 (ROCK inhibitor) ROCK ZLN024 (hydrochloride) AMPK ZM 306416 VEGFR ZM 323881 HCl VEGFR ZM 336372 Raf ZM 39923 HCl JAK ZM 447439 Aurora Kinase ZM39923 (hydrochloride) JAK ZM-447439 Aurora Kinase Zotarolimus(ABT-578) mTOR ZSTK474 PI3K

REFERENCES

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The features of the present invention disclosed in the specification, the claims, and/or in the accompanying figures may, both separately and in any combination thereof, be material for realizing the invention in various forms thereof. 

1. A method of determining if a patient is likely to respond to a treatment with a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds, wherein the method comprises the following steps: iv) providing a tumor sample of a patient, wherein said tumor sample comprises cancerous tissue and/or cancerous cells, v) determining a level of phosphorylated tristetraprolin (TTP) in said tumor sample, and vi) comparing the level of phosphorylated TTP determined in step ii) to a control, wherein an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in said tumor sample compared to said control indicates that said patient is likely to respond to a treatment using a targeted therapy compound.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method further comprises: providing a tumor sample of said patient, and treating said tumor sample with one or more targeted therapy compound(s), determining a level of phosphorylated TTP in said treated tumor sample, and, comparing the level of phosphorylated TTP determined in said treated tumor sample to the level of phosphorylated TTP determined in step ii), wherein a decreased level of phosphorylated TTP in said treated tumor sample compared to the level of phosphorylated TTP determined in step ii) indicates that said patient is likely to respond to a treatment with said one or more targeted therapy compound(s).
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said determining of a level of phosphorylated TTP is performed using an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof targeting phosphorylated TTP and/or TTP.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein step ii) further comprises determining a cancer-related genetic variation in said tumor sample.
 5. The method, according to claim 4, wherein the cancer-related genetic variation in said tumor is a KRAS mutation and/or an EGFR mutation.
 6. A method of identifying a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds for personalized medicine, comprising, in any order, the following steps: a) obtaining a tumor sample from a patient, b) optionally, determining a level of phosphorylated TTP in said tumor sample, c) providing one or more targeted therapy compound(s) to be tested, d) treating said tumor sample with said one or more targeted therapy compound(s), e) determining whether said one or more targeted therapy compound(s) reduce(s) the levels of phosphorylated TTP in said treated sample compared to a control, wherein a reduction in the level of phosphorylated TTP indicates that said one or more targeted therapy compound(s) is/are effective for treating said patient.
 7. The method, according to claim 6, wherein said targeted therapy compound is for precision cancer therapy of a cancer patient.
 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein said control in step e) is a level of phosphorylated TTP determined in step b), and/or is a reference value, and/or is a level of phosphorylated TTP determined in a reference sample.
 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein said reduction is a reduction by at least 15%.
 10. The method, according to claim 9, wherein said reduction is a reduction by at least 25%.
 11. The method according to claim 6, wherein said level of phosphorylated TTP is determined using an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof targeting phosphorylated TTP.
 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein said targeted therapy is capable of treating a cancer regardless of the tissue type or subtype or molecular sub-type of the cancer including solid tumors, hematological tumors, leukemias, lymphomas, organ-specific tumors such as breast, colon, prostate, liver, and metastatic tumors of any origin, including subtypes such as hormone positive, hormone negative, Microsatellite Instability high or low, KRAS mutant, P53 mutant cancer, and cancers with amplified genes.
 13. A method of treatment of cancer in a patient, wherein said cancer is characterized by an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in cancer cells compared to non-cancerous cells, wherein said method comprises administering an effective dose of a targeted therapy compound selected from protein kinase inhibitors, small molecule inhibitors, and monoclonal antibody-based compounds to a patient in need thereof having said cancer.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said method comprises the steps of: a) obtaining a tumor sample, and optionally a non-tumor control sample, from the patient, b) determining the level of phosphorylated TIP in said tumor sample, and optionally in said non-tumor control sample, c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of said targeted therapy compound, if there is an increased level of phosphorylated TTP in the tumor sample compared to a control, which is optionally the non-tumor control sample of said patient, as determined in step b).
 15. The method according to claim 13, wherein said targeted therapy compound is selected from BI-3406, lapitinib, AZ628, sorafenib2, TAK-6323, regorafenib4, CEP-32496, cabozantinib, and polo-like kinase inhibitors including PCM-075, volasertib, BI 2536, rigosertib (ON 01910), HMN-214, GSK461364, R03280, NMS-P937, TAK-960, cyclapolin 1, DAP-81, ZK-thiazolidinone, compound 36 (imidazopyridine derivative), LFM-A13, poloxin (thymoquinone derivative), poloxipan, purpurogallin (benzotropolone-containing compound), MLN0905, and SBE13.
 16. The method, according to claim 15, wherein said targeted therapy compound is selected from volasertib and lapitinib.
 17. The method according to claim 13, wherein said targeted therapy compound is co-administered with a chemotherapeutic agent, and/or with a therapeutic monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, and/or with a checkpoint inhibitor, and/or with an interferon selected from Type-I IFN, Type-II IFN and Type-III IFN, and/or with a cytokine inhibitor, and/or with a small molecule drug.
 18. The method, according to claim 17, wherein said targeted therapy compound is co-administered with a CTLA-4, PD-1, and/or PD-L1 targeting agent.
 19. The method according to claim 13, wherein the level of phosphorylated TTP is reduced by administering said targeted therapy compound.
 20. The method according to claim 13, wherein the method further comprises monitoring a treatment response, comprising the following steps: iv) obtaining a sample from said patient of a first time point and a second time point, v) determining a level of phosphorylated TTP in said first sample of said first time point and in said second sample of said second time point, vi) comparing the level determined in said first sample to the level determined in said second sample, wherein a decrease in the level determined in the second sample compared to the level determined in the first sample indicates that said targeted therapy compound is effective in treating said cancer. 